PSYCHOLOGY 110 MAIN EXAMINATION 2026/2027
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist - ✔✔psychologist: PsyD or PhD. cannot write
prescriptions. usually conducts research or teaches; need doctoral degree in psych and
license to call yourself a psychologist
psychiatrist: MD. can write prescriptions. treats and studies mental health issues from a
medical standpoint
school psychologist - ✔✔doesn't need PhD; needs in between masters and PhD
Ph.D VS Psy.D programs - ✔✔PhD programs tend to be fairly focused on research,
whereas PsyD programs tend to be less focused on research and more centered on
direct clinical service provision
APA research guidelines - ✔✔Treat patients with dignity and respect
Do no harm
Describe risks
Minimize discomfort
Confidentiality
Deceive only when necessary
Debrief
IRB
Report data ethically
Don't cherrypick
Still share studies that don't support hypothesis
Do not falsify
types of psychology schools - ✔✔Structuralism
Gestalt
Functionalism
Behavioralism: observable behaviors
Psychoanalytic: unconscious mind
Cognitive
Humanistic: being a better version of yourself
Structuralism (Wundt) - ✔✔sensations and personal experiences studied as basic;
school of introspection and journalism; Wundt --> father of psych; established first psych
lab in Germany; systematic observation and measurement; studied vision, hearing,
taste, touch memory, time, perception,etc; Edward Titchener brought to US
shortcoming: most thinking takes place at unconscious level (unaware of why we say/do
things)
, Gestalt Psychology (Max Wertheimer) - ✔✔a psychological approach that emphasizes
that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts; german psychologist;
psychology studies thinking/learning personality as a whole
Functionalism (William James) - ✔✔Expanded psych to animal behavior, religious
experience, abnormal behavior
Wrote Principles of Psychology
Helped establish the field
Functionalism considers behavior in terms of adaptations
Natural selection (darwinism)
How the mind, perceptions, habits, and emotions help us adapt and survive
Promoted educational psych and paved the way for industrial/organizational psych
behavioralism - ✔✔The empirical study of actual human behavior rather than abstract or
speculative theories; John B Watson; Objected study of mind; Observed relationship
between stimuli and response (behavior); Pavlov-classical conditioning
Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud) - ✔✔our behavior is influenced by unconscious
thoughts, imputes, and desires; First to suggest childhood affects personality;
Psychoanalysis: first form of psychotherapy
B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning - ✔✔Personality development is based on
behaviors that are either rewarded or punished in the environment. "personality" may
just be sustained behavioral patterns; Actions are controlled by rewards and
punishments: operant conditioning
Behaviorism is the source of behavior therapy
Used to treat temper tantrums, overeating, fears
Neo-Freudians - ✔✔Group of psychologists who agree with Freud's emphasis on the
impact of childhood on one's life, but move away from a sole focus on sex and
aggression; Students modified his ideas
Freud would kick students out of his class if they disagreed with his theories'Alfred Adler
→ inferiority complex, Anna Freud→ childhood, Karen Horney, Carl Jung, Otto Rank,
Erik Erikson
Freud developed oral cancer from smoking
humanistic psychology - ✔✔an approach to understanding human nature that
emphasizes the positive potential of human beings; Study of people is good and
motivated to learn and improve; Stresses free will and make conscious and voluntary
choices; Self-actualization: process of a fully developing personal self
biopsychosocial model - ✔✔accepts that human behavior, mental processes, and
overall wellbeing are influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and social
factors
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist - ✔✔psychologist: PsyD or PhD. cannot write
prescriptions. usually conducts research or teaches; need doctoral degree in psych and
license to call yourself a psychologist
psychiatrist: MD. can write prescriptions. treats and studies mental health issues from a
medical standpoint
school psychologist - ✔✔doesn't need PhD; needs in between masters and PhD
Ph.D VS Psy.D programs - ✔✔PhD programs tend to be fairly focused on research,
whereas PsyD programs tend to be less focused on research and more centered on
direct clinical service provision
APA research guidelines - ✔✔Treat patients with dignity and respect
Do no harm
Describe risks
Minimize discomfort
Confidentiality
Deceive only when necessary
Debrief
IRB
Report data ethically
Don't cherrypick
Still share studies that don't support hypothesis
Do not falsify
types of psychology schools - ✔✔Structuralism
Gestalt
Functionalism
Behavioralism: observable behaviors
Psychoanalytic: unconscious mind
Cognitive
Humanistic: being a better version of yourself
Structuralism (Wundt) - ✔✔sensations and personal experiences studied as basic;
school of introspection and journalism; Wundt --> father of psych; established first psych
lab in Germany; systematic observation and measurement; studied vision, hearing,
taste, touch memory, time, perception,etc; Edward Titchener brought to US
shortcoming: most thinking takes place at unconscious level (unaware of why we say/do
things)
, Gestalt Psychology (Max Wertheimer) - ✔✔a psychological approach that emphasizes
that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts; german psychologist;
psychology studies thinking/learning personality as a whole
Functionalism (William James) - ✔✔Expanded psych to animal behavior, religious
experience, abnormal behavior
Wrote Principles of Psychology
Helped establish the field
Functionalism considers behavior in terms of adaptations
Natural selection (darwinism)
How the mind, perceptions, habits, and emotions help us adapt and survive
Promoted educational psych and paved the way for industrial/organizational psych
behavioralism - ✔✔The empirical study of actual human behavior rather than abstract or
speculative theories; John B Watson; Objected study of mind; Observed relationship
between stimuli and response (behavior); Pavlov-classical conditioning
Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud) - ✔✔our behavior is influenced by unconscious
thoughts, imputes, and desires; First to suggest childhood affects personality;
Psychoanalysis: first form of psychotherapy
B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning - ✔✔Personality development is based on
behaviors that are either rewarded or punished in the environment. "personality" may
just be sustained behavioral patterns; Actions are controlled by rewards and
punishments: operant conditioning
Behaviorism is the source of behavior therapy
Used to treat temper tantrums, overeating, fears
Neo-Freudians - ✔✔Group of psychologists who agree with Freud's emphasis on the
impact of childhood on one's life, but move away from a sole focus on sex and
aggression; Students modified his ideas
Freud would kick students out of his class if they disagreed with his theories'Alfred Adler
→ inferiority complex, Anna Freud→ childhood, Karen Horney, Carl Jung, Otto Rank,
Erik Erikson
Freud developed oral cancer from smoking
humanistic psychology - ✔✔an approach to understanding human nature that
emphasizes the positive potential of human beings; Study of people is good and
motivated to learn and improve; Stresses free will and make conscious and voluntary
choices; Self-actualization: process of a fully developing personal self
biopsychosocial model - ✔✔accepts that human behavior, mental processes, and
overall wellbeing are influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and social
factors
