BMS 300 Exam 1 [2026/2027] | UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Question and Answer | Exam
Script & Answers
• In what form can DNA be read? -✓✓ Euchromatin - a region of chromosomes
• What is the result of translation? -✓✓ Protein
• What is the function of Beta-oxidation? -✓✓ Breakdown of fatty acids to make acetyl-
CoA (fatty acid catabolism)
• What is the funciton of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)? -✓✓ Using high energy
electrons to power the production of ATP using a system made up of four proteins,
coenzyme Q, and electron carriers made up of a series of cytochrome molecules
responsible for aerobic energy production in cells; bound tot he innter mitochondrial
membrane
• What is the function of the Citric Acid Cycle? -✓✓ Using acetyl-CoA to make GTP and
release high energy electrons; occurring in the matrix of the mitochondria, where
organic molecules are broken down, CO2 molecules are released, and H molecules are
transferred by coenzymes to the ETC.
• Tunicamycin is an antibiotic that blocks the transfer of sugars onto amino acids during
glycosylation.
Which organelle would be affected by this antibiotic? -✓✓ Golgi apparatus -
Glycosylation mainly occurs in the Golgi apparatus.
• What is the name of the motor protein associated with actin filaments? -✓✓ Myosin -
responsible for generating movement along actin filaments by utilizing ATP hydrolysis.
Myosin undergoes conformational changes that allow it to bind to actin, undergo a
power stroke, and generate force.
• What type of coat protein is needed at the endoplasic reticulum membrane for
endocytic vesicle formation? -✓✓ COP II - COP II proteins assemble in the ER
membrane to initiate vesicle formation and cargo selection.
• What type of proteins do the ribosomes attach to the endoplasmic reticulum form? -✓✓
Lysosomal proteins & Secreted proteins - hydrophobic, enter the ER by the signal
reception peptide (SRP) & translocon complex; vesicles with these proteins either fuse
with lysosomes, get exocytosed, or get incorporated into the cell membrane
Transmembrane proteins - same as lysosomal and secreted proteins except
transmembrane proteins have regions that span the lipid bilayer
, • Why does ice float in water? -✓✓ Ice is less dense - this is because the crystalized
structure of ice permits max hydrogen bonding between water molecules
The crystalized structure of ice is well organized - allows for max hyrdogen bonding
between water molecules
• What is the most stable form phospholipids can exist in naturally? -✓✓ Liposomes -
the bilyar strucuture of a liposome orients the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid
away from water and the hydrophilic heads toward the water
• What is the correct organization of matter, from smallest to largest? -✓✓ Cell > Tissue
> Organ > Organ System > Organism
• What is the next step for mRNA after it leaves the nucleus via nuclear pores? -✓✓ It is
ready to be translated - mRNA leaves the nucleus has already gone through post-
transcriptional modifications (5' capping and 3' poly-adenylation tail) and is ready to be
transcribed.
• An ER technition measures a (respiratory quotient) RQ of 0.70; which fuel is the
patient primarily burning for energy? -✓✓ Lipids - RQ indicated the ratio of CO2
produced to O consumed (CO2/O); RQ values for fat, protein, and carbs are 0.7, 0.8
and 1.0. The ratio for CO2 produced to oxygen consumed is lower for proteins and even
lower for fats compared to carbs.
• Which molecules can be used for energy by the human body? -✓✓ Carbs - foods like
bread, rice, or fruits are broken down into glucose molecules, which undergoes cellular
respiration where it reacts with oxygen to form ATP
Lipids - broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids undergo Beta-oxidation to
generate ATP. Glycerol is converted to glucose during gluconeogenesis when glucose
is low.
Creatine Phosphate - stored in the muscles & utilized for when quick bursts of energy
are needed (i.e. weightlifting); is rapidly broken down into ATP
Amino Acids - when glucose and fats are not present, our body can break down
proteins in our muscles/other tissues to obtain amino acids; can enter various pathways
to generate ATP; not the preferred method for the body.
• What is the function of glycolysis? -✓✓ Breakdown of a 6-carbon glucose to two 3-
carbon pyruvate molecules - the anaerobic cytosolic breakdown of glucose into two 3-
carbon molecules of pyruvate, with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
• What part of a protein is used in identifying an amino acid and its chemical groups? -
✓✓ R-group - variable component of an amino acid; what determines the AA's unique
chemical properties
• Aquaporins are proteins that span the phospholipid bilayer of cells.
ACTUAL Exam Question and Answer | Exam
Script & Answers
• In what form can DNA be read? -✓✓ Euchromatin - a region of chromosomes
• What is the result of translation? -✓✓ Protein
• What is the function of Beta-oxidation? -✓✓ Breakdown of fatty acids to make acetyl-
CoA (fatty acid catabolism)
• What is the funciton of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)? -✓✓ Using high energy
electrons to power the production of ATP using a system made up of four proteins,
coenzyme Q, and electron carriers made up of a series of cytochrome molecules
responsible for aerobic energy production in cells; bound tot he innter mitochondrial
membrane
• What is the function of the Citric Acid Cycle? -✓✓ Using acetyl-CoA to make GTP and
release high energy electrons; occurring in the matrix of the mitochondria, where
organic molecules are broken down, CO2 molecules are released, and H molecules are
transferred by coenzymes to the ETC.
• Tunicamycin is an antibiotic that blocks the transfer of sugars onto amino acids during
glycosylation.
Which organelle would be affected by this antibiotic? -✓✓ Golgi apparatus -
Glycosylation mainly occurs in the Golgi apparatus.
• What is the name of the motor protein associated with actin filaments? -✓✓ Myosin -
responsible for generating movement along actin filaments by utilizing ATP hydrolysis.
Myosin undergoes conformational changes that allow it to bind to actin, undergo a
power stroke, and generate force.
• What type of coat protein is needed at the endoplasic reticulum membrane for
endocytic vesicle formation? -✓✓ COP II - COP II proteins assemble in the ER
membrane to initiate vesicle formation and cargo selection.
• What type of proteins do the ribosomes attach to the endoplasmic reticulum form? -✓✓
Lysosomal proteins & Secreted proteins - hydrophobic, enter the ER by the signal
reception peptide (SRP) & translocon complex; vesicles with these proteins either fuse
with lysosomes, get exocytosed, or get incorporated into the cell membrane
Transmembrane proteins - same as lysosomal and secreted proteins except
transmembrane proteins have regions that span the lipid bilayer
, • Why does ice float in water? -✓✓ Ice is less dense - this is because the crystalized
structure of ice permits max hydrogen bonding between water molecules
The crystalized structure of ice is well organized - allows for max hyrdogen bonding
between water molecules
• What is the most stable form phospholipids can exist in naturally? -✓✓ Liposomes -
the bilyar strucuture of a liposome orients the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid
away from water and the hydrophilic heads toward the water
• What is the correct organization of matter, from smallest to largest? -✓✓ Cell > Tissue
> Organ > Organ System > Organism
• What is the next step for mRNA after it leaves the nucleus via nuclear pores? -✓✓ It is
ready to be translated - mRNA leaves the nucleus has already gone through post-
transcriptional modifications (5' capping and 3' poly-adenylation tail) and is ready to be
transcribed.
• An ER technition measures a (respiratory quotient) RQ of 0.70; which fuel is the
patient primarily burning for energy? -✓✓ Lipids - RQ indicated the ratio of CO2
produced to O consumed (CO2/O); RQ values for fat, protein, and carbs are 0.7, 0.8
and 1.0. The ratio for CO2 produced to oxygen consumed is lower for proteins and even
lower for fats compared to carbs.
• Which molecules can be used for energy by the human body? -✓✓ Carbs - foods like
bread, rice, or fruits are broken down into glucose molecules, which undergoes cellular
respiration where it reacts with oxygen to form ATP
Lipids - broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids undergo Beta-oxidation to
generate ATP. Glycerol is converted to glucose during gluconeogenesis when glucose
is low.
Creatine Phosphate - stored in the muscles & utilized for when quick bursts of energy
are needed (i.e. weightlifting); is rapidly broken down into ATP
Amino Acids - when glucose and fats are not present, our body can break down
proteins in our muscles/other tissues to obtain amino acids; can enter various pathways
to generate ATP; not the preferred method for the body.
• What is the function of glycolysis? -✓✓ Breakdown of a 6-carbon glucose to two 3-
carbon pyruvate molecules - the anaerobic cytosolic breakdown of glucose into two 3-
carbon molecules of pyruvate, with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
• What part of a protein is used in identifying an amino acid and its chemical groups? -
✓✓ R-group - variable component of an amino acid; what determines the AA's unique
chemical properties
• Aquaporins are proteins that span the phospholipid bilayer of cells.
