BIOS251 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
FINAL SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE Q&A
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◉ Prokaryotic cells Answer: Cells without an organized nucleus.
◉ Eukaryotic cells Answer: Cells with an organized and well defined
nucleus.
◉ Plasma (cell) membrane Answer: Separates internal and external
environments.
◉ DNA Answer: Genetic material that controls an organism's
composition, replicates the cell.
◉ Cytoplasm Answer: Can be divided into two portions: Cytosol and
Organelles.
◉ Cytosol Answer: The liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
◉ Ribosomes Answer: The site of protein synthesis.
◉ Cytoskeleton Answer: Intracellular support, used in cell movement,
moves organelles.
,◉ Gamete cells Answer: Cells used for reproduction (sperm and ovum).
Replicate via meiosis.
◉ Somatic cells Answer: All other cells in the body. Replicate via
mitosis.
◉ Functions of the cell membrane Answer: Serves as a barrier
protecting the cell's inner content from the extracellular environment.
◉ Phospholipid bilayer Answer: The structure that makes up the cell
membrane.
◉ Hydrophilic heads Answer: Water 'loving' parts of the phospholipid
bilayer.
◉ Hydrophobic tails Answer: Water 'hating' parts of the phospholipid
bilayer.
◉ Integral proteins Answer: Found to travel the entire width of the
membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
◉ Channel proteins Answer: Allow ions to cross the membrane from
one side to another.
, ◉ Carrier proteins Answer: Transport specific substances from one side
of the plasma membrane to the other.
◉ Receptor proteins Answer: Recognize and bind to specific molecules
called ligands.
◉ Cell Identity Markers Answer: Allow the cell to be identified and
distinguished by the immune system.
◉ Na+/K+ ATPase pump Answer: Maintains an electrochemical
gradient.
◉ Gap Junctions Answer: Form a connection between two cells.
◉ Enzymes Answer: Catalyzes (speeds up) chemical reactions inside or
outside the cell.
◉ Cell Adhesion Molecules Answer: Serve as structural support and
stability for a cell.
◉ Peripheral proteins Answer: Found only on the inner or outer
surfaces.
◉ Cadherins Answer: Proteins that transport extracellular ligand
(chemical) signaling into cells.
FINAL SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE Q&A
ALREADY PASSED
◉ Prokaryotic cells Answer: Cells without an organized nucleus.
◉ Eukaryotic cells Answer: Cells with an organized and well defined
nucleus.
◉ Plasma (cell) membrane Answer: Separates internal and external
environments.
◉ DNA Answer: Genetic material that controls an organism's
composition, replicates the cell.
◉ Cytoplasm Answer: Can be divided into two portions: Cytosol and
Organelles.
◉ Cytosol Answer: The liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
◉ Ribosomes Answer: The site of protein synthesis.
◉ Cytoskeleton Answer: Intracellular support, used in cell movement,
moves organelles.
,◉ Gamete cells Answer: Cells used for reproduction (sperm and ovum).
Replicate via meiosis.
◉ Somatic cells Answer: All other cells in the body. Replicate via
mitosis.
◉ Functions of the cell membrane Answer: Serves as a barrier
protecting the cell's inner content from the extracellular environment.
◉ Phospholipid bilayer Answer: The structure that makes up the cell
membrane.
◉ Hydrophilic heads Answer: Water 'loving' parts of the phospholipid
bilayer.
◉ Hydrophobic tails Answer: Water 'hating' parts of the phospholipid
bilayer.
◉ Integral proteins Answer: Found to travel the entire width of the
membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
◉ Channel proteins Answer: Allow ions to cross the membrane from
one side to another.
, ◉ Carrier proteins Answer: Transport specific substances from one side
of the plasma membrane to the other.
◉ Receptor proteins Answer: Recognize and bind to specific molecules
called ligands.
◉ Cell Identity Markers Answer: Allow the cell to be identified and
distinguished by the immune system.
◉ Na+/K+ ATPase pump Answer: Maintains an electrochemical
gradient.
◉ Gap Junctions Answer: Form a connection between two cells.
◉ Enzymes Answer: Catalyzes (speeds up) chemical reactions inside or
outside the cell.
◉ Cell Adhesion Molecules Answer: Serve as structural support and
stability for a cell.
◉ Peripheral proteins Answer: Found only on the inner or outer
surfaces.
◉ Cadherins Answer: Proteins that transport extracellular ligand
(chemical) signaling into cells.
