BIOLOGY MACROMOLECULES 2026/2027 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Enzymes - ✔✔Speeds up the rate of reactions, but are not consumed by the
reaction. Lowers the activation energy of a reaction, and makes it easier to perform
these reactions.
✔✔Substrate - ✔✔A reactant that binds to an enzyme
✔✔Active Site - ✔✔A pocket/groove on the surface of a protein on the surface of the
protein into which the substrate fits. The substrate is held to this area through weak
interactions, such as hydrogen bonds or Van der Waals.
✔✔Lock and Key Hypothesis - ✔✔Substrates fit into enzymes like a key fits into a lock
✔✔Induced Fit Hypothesis - ✔✔As the substrate binds, the enzyme changes shape
leading to a tighter induced fit, bringing chemical groups into position to catalyze the
reaction.
✔✔Cofactors - ✔✔Non-protein factors, helping the enzyme fit substrates. ex: zinc, iron,
copper
✔✔Competitive Inhibitors - ✔✔Blocks the active site from having a substrate meet. Acts
as a feedback mechanism
✔✔Noncompetitive inhibitors - ✔✔Blocks the substrates at a place away from the active
site.
✔✔Allosteric Enzymes - ✔✔Enzymes that can change their shape: one shape is active
(reaction occurs) and one is inactive (reaction doesn't occur)
✔✔Nucleic Acids - ✔✔An organic compound made up of a pentose sugar, phosphate,
and nitrogen base. The three types are DNA, RNA and ATP
✔✔Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - ✔✔Many types of instructional nucleic acid, which is
directed by DNA and contributes to protein production
✔✔Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ✔✔Provides the genetic coding for organisms and
directs RNA synthesis: synthesized through dehydration synthesis, connecting the
sugar of one nucleotide to another with a strong phosphodiester.
✔✔Nucleotide - ✔✔The building blocks of nucleic acids
✔✔Pentose sugar - ✔✔Deoxyribose and ribose; a building block of nucleic acids
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Enzymes - ✔✔Speeds up the rate of reactions, but are not consumed by the
reaction. Lowers the activation energy of a reaction, and makes it easier to perform
these reactions.
✔✔Substrate - ✔✔A reactant that binds to an enzyme
✔✔Active Site - ✔✔A pocket/groove on the surface of a protein on the surface of the
protein into which the substrate fits. The substrate is held to this area through weak
interactions, such as hydrogen bonds or Van der Waals.
✔✔Lock and Key Hypothesis - ✔✔Substrates fit into enzymes like a key fits into a lock
✔✔Induced Fit Hypothesis - ✔✔As the substrate binds, the enzyme changes shape
leading to a tighter induced fit, bringing chemical groups into position to catalyze the
reaction.
✔✔Cofactors - ✔✔Non-protein factors, helping the enzyme fit substrates. ex: zinc, iron,
copper
✔✔Competitive Inhibitors - ✔✔Blocks the active site from having a substrate meet. Acts
as a feedback mechanism
✔✔Noncompetitive inhibitors - ✔✔Blocks the substrates at a place away from the active
site.
✔✔Allosteric Enzymes - ✔✔Enzymes that can change their shape: one shape is active
(reaction occurs) and one is inactive (reaction doesn't occur)
✔✔Nucleic Acids - ✔✔An organic compound made up of a pentose sugar, phosphate,
and nitrogen base. The three types are DNA, RNA and ATP
✔✔Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - ✔✔Many types of instructional nucleic acid, which is
directed by DNA and contributes to protein production
✔✔Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ✔✔Provides the genetic coding for organisms and
directs RNA synthesis: synthesized through dehydration synthesis, connecting the
sugar of one nucleotide to another with a strong phosphodiester.
✔✔Nucleotide - ✔✔The building blocks of nucleic acids
✔✔Pentose sugar - ✔✔Deoxyribose and ribose; a building block of nucleic acids
