PTP II STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Ethics or morals?
Recognize health care dilemmas
Provide tools for constructive deliberation and conflict resolution
Make better judgements
Understand goodness and badness of motives/ends - ✔✔Ethics
✔✔Ethics or morals?
Ideas about right and wrong - ✔✔Morals
✔✔What are morals? - ✔✔Ideas about right and wrong
Guides to behavior that rational persons put forward for governing their behavior
✔✔Ethics or morals?
Guides to behavior that rational persons put forward for governing their behavior -
✔✔Morals
✔✔When do we have a moral dilemma? - ✔✔Arise when values, rights, duties and
loyalties conflict
✔✔What must a caregiver do when we have a moral dilemma? - ✔✔Not only examine
what he or she considers but...
What are the alternatives
What are patient's known wishes
✔✔When considering a moral dilemma, the caregiver must not only examine what he or
she considers, but what else? - ✔✔What are alternatives
What are patient's wishes
✔✔What are the theories of ethics used for? - ✔✔Ethical theories attempt to introduce
order into way people think about life/action
,✔✔Describe deontological ethics - ✔✔Focuses on duty to others
Rights to others
Religious ethics
Secular ethics
✔✔What kind of ethics focuses on duty to others and rights to others? -
✔✔Deontological ethics
✔✔What are the forms of deontological ethics? - ✔✔Religious ethics
Secular ethics
✔✔A form of deontological ethics is religious ethics. What is this based on? -
✔✔Religious beliefs
✔✔A form of deontological ethics is secular ethics. What is this based on? - ✔✔Based
on codes developed by societies, that have relied on customs
✔✔What is the deontological ethics based on codes developed by societies that have
relied on customs? - ✔✔Secular ethics
✔✔What are the ethical issues? - ✔✔Legal issues- informed consent
Ethical issues- Autonomy
Paternalist
✔✔What kind of ethics focuses on the inherent character of a person rather than on the
specific actions he or she
performs? - ✔✔Virtue ethics
✔✔What are virtue ethics? - ✔✔Focuses on inherent character of a person rather than
on specific actions he/she performs
✔✔What is a virtue? - ✔✔Describes moral excellence, that which has beneficial quality.
Habits, that become part of person
✔✔What are habits, that once acquired they become characteristic of a person? -
✔✔Virtues
,✔✔What is a moral value? - ✔✔Relative worth placed on some virtuous behavior
✔✔What changes as needs change and are different among person? - ✔✔Values
✔✔What are the 3 virtues and values that make up the pillars of moral strength? -
✔✔Compassion
Conscientiousness
Cooperativeness
✔✔Compassion is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength.
Describe this - ✔✔Sympathy for another's suffering
✔✔Conscientiousness is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength.
Describe this - ✔✔One who has moral integrity and a strict regard for doing what is
considered the right thing to do
✔✔Cooperativeness is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength.
Describe this - ✔✔Process of working with others
✔✔Discernment is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength.
Describe this - ✔✔Ability to make a good decision without personal biases
✔✔Fairness is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength. Describe
this - ✔✔Ability to make judgments free from discrimination
✔✔Fidelity is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength. Describe this
- ✔✔Being true to our commitments and obligations to others
✔✔Integrity is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength. Describe
this - ✔✔Steadfast adherence to strict moral or ethical code and commitment not to
compromise this code
✔✔Freedom is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength. Describe
this - ✔✔Free to make choices for oneself to make choices for oneself within the
boundaries of law
✔✔Honesty/Trustworthiness/Truth-telling is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars
of moral strength. Describe this - ✔✔Confidence a person will act with right motives
✔✔What may change values? - ✔✔When basics needs for food, water, clothing and
housing have not been met, we need to sacrifice things
, ✔✔What is situational ethics? - ✔✔One's moral character can sometimes change as
circumstances change
✔✔What are the 6 components of situational ethics? - ✔✔Particular view of ethics,
which absolute standards are less important
Importance of particular value may vary
Moral character compromised when faced with difficult choices
Good people behave different in different situations
Good people do bad things
Morals can change as circumstances change
✔✔What is ethical decision-making? - ✔✔Process of deciding, what the right thing to do
is in the event of a moral dilemma
✔✔What are some suggestions for ethical decision making? - ✔✔Be a good listener
(listen to learn, and contribute and resolve dilemmas)
Believe in good values and virtuous until they become habits
✔✔How does the WHO define health? - ✔✔State of complete physical, mental and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or imfirmity
✔✔Describe the use of the biopsychosocial model of health - ✔✔Theoretical construct
that elaborates on WHO definition of health
Biological Psychological and Social interlace determining status
✔✔What are the 5 domains of emotional intelligence? - ✔✔Knowing ones emotions
Managing emotions
Motivating oneself
Recognizing emotions in others
Handling relationship
✔✔What 3 categories are part of knowing ones emotions? - ✔✔Self-Awareness
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Ethics or morals?
Recognize health care dilemmas
Provide tools for constructive deliberation and conflict resolution
Make better judgements
Understand goodness and badness of motives/ends - ✔✔Ethics
✔✔Ethics or morals?
Ideas about right and wrong - ✔✔Morals
✔✔What are morals? - ✔✔Ideas about right and wrong
Guides to behavior that rational persons put forward for governing their behavior
✔✔Ethics or morals?
Guides to behavior that rational persons put forward for governing their behavior -
✔✔Morals
✔✔When do we have a moral dilemma? - ✔✔Arise when values, rights, duties and
loyalties conflict
✔✔What must a caregiver do when we have a moral dilemma? - ✔✔Not only examine
what he or she considers but...
What are the alternatives
What are patient's known wishes
✔✔When considering a moral dilemma, the caregiver must not only examine what he or
she considers, but what else? - ✔✔What are alternatives
What are patient's wishes
✔✔What are the theories of ethics used for? - ✔✔Ethical theories attempt to introduce
order into way people think about life/action
,✔✔Describe deontological ethics - ✔✔Focuses on duty to others
Rights to others
Religious ethics
Secular ethics
✔✔What kind of ethics focuses on duty to others and rights to others? -
✔✔Deontological ethics
✔✔What are the forms of deontological ethics? - ✔✔Religious ethics
Secular ethics
✔✔A form of deontological ethics is religious ethics. What is this based on? -
✔✔Religious beliefs
✔✔A form of deontological ethics is secular ethics. What is this based on? - ✔✔Based
on codes developed by societies, that have relied on customs
✔✔What is the deontological ethics based on codes developed by societies that have
relied on customs? - ✔✔Secular ethics
✔✔What are the ethical issues? - ✔✔Legal issues- informed consent
Ethical issues- Autonomy
Paternalist
✔✔What kind of ethics focuses on the inherent character of a person rather than on the
specific actions he or she
performs? - ✔✔Virtue ethics
✔✔What are virtue ethics? - ✔✔Focuses on inherent character of a person rather than
on specific actions he/she performs
✔✔What is a virtue? - ✔✔Describes moral excellence, that which has beneficial quality.
Habits, that become part of person
✔✔What are habits, that once acquired they become characteristic of a person? -
✔✔Virtues
,✔✔What is a moral value? - ✔✔Relative worth placed on some virtuous behavior
✔✔What changes as needs change and are different among person? - ✔✔Values
✔✔What are the 3 virtues and values that make up the pillars of moral strength? -
✔✔Compassion
Conscientiousness
Cooperativeness
✔✔Compassion is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength.
Describe this - ✔✔Sympathy for another's suffering
✔✔Conscientiousness is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength.
Describe this - ✔✔One who has moral integrity and a strict regard for doing what is
considered the right thing to do
✔✔Cooperativeness is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength.
Describe this - ✔✔Process of working with others
✔✔Discernment is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength.
Describe this - ✔✔Ability to make a good decision without personal biases
✔✔Fairness is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength. Describe
this - ✔✔Ability to make judgments free from discrimination
✔✔Fidelity is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength. Describe this
- ✔✔Being true to our commitments and obligations to others
✔✔Integrity is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength. Describe
this - ✔✔Steadfast adherence to strict moral or ethical code and commitment not to
compromise this code
✔✔Freedom is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars of moral strength. Describe
this - ✔✔Free to make choices for oneself to make choices for oneself within the
boundaries of law
✔✔Honesty/Trustworthiness/Truth-telling is 1 of the 12 virtues and values of the pillars
of moral strength. Describe this - ✔✔Confidence a person will act with right motives
✔✔What may change values? - ✔✔When basics needs for food, water, clothing and
housing have not been met, we need to sacrifice things
, ✔✔What is situational ethics? - ✔✔One's moral character can sometimes change as
circumstances change
✔✔What are the 6 components of situational ethics? - ✔✔Particular view of ethics,
which absolute standards are less important
Importance of particular value may vary
Moral character compromised when faced with difficult choices
Good people behave different in different situations
Good people do bad things
Morals can change as circumstances change
✔✔What is ethical decision-making? - ✔✔Process of deciding, what the right thing to do
is in the event of a moral dilemma
✔✔What are some suggestions for ethical decision making? - ✔✔Be a good listener
(listen to learn, and contribute and resolve dilemmas)
Believe in good values and virtuous until they become habits
✔✔How does the WHO define health? - ✔✔State of complete physical, mental and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or imfirmity
✔✔Describe the use of the biopsychosocial model of health - ✔✔Theoretical construct
that elaborates on WHO definition of health
Biological Psychological and Social interlace determining status
✔✔What are the 5 domains of emotional intelligence? - ✔✔Knowing ones emotions
Managing emotions
Motivating oneself
Recognizing emotions in others
Handling relationship
✔✔What 3 categories are part of knowing ones emotions? - ✔✔Self-Awareness
