D027 PATHOPHARM EXAM LATEST 2026 UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027) |A+ GRADED
|GUARANTEED PASS
Insulin - Answers -A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar
levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues
NPH (Humulin N) - Answers -Intermediate-acting insulin. Onset: 1-2 hours. Peak: 4-12 hours.
Duration: 18-24 hours.
Diabetes Treatment Goals - Answers -Recommendations for Glycemic control of Adults w/
Diabetes
A1C: <7.0
Pre-prandial (fasting) capillary plasma glucose: 90-130 mg/dL
Peak postprandial capillary plasma glucose: <180 mg/dL
Diabetes Medications - Answers -Metformin (biguanide)
- dec A1c 1-2%
- initial therapeutic agent for most TIIDM
- weight neutral, low risk of hypoglycemia
- lactic acidosis is life threatening complication
GLP-1 Receptor agonist (i.e. exenatide) - Answers -- A1c dec by 0.5-1.0%
1|Page
,- possible second agent for metformin failure especially if weight loss is desired
- low risk of hypoglycemia
- risk of ACUTE PANCREATITIS
DDP-IV Inhibitors (i.e. sitagliptin) - Answers -- A1c dec by 0.5-0.8%
- low risk of hypoglycemia
- weight neutral
- can be used in renal insufficiency
Pioglitazone (TZDs) - Answers -- A1c dec by 1-1.5%
- used if unable to tolerate metformin or sulfonylureas
- side effects - weight gain, edema, CHF, bone fracture, bladder cancer
- NO HYPOGLYCEMIA
TZDs - Answers -Pioglitazone (Actos)
Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Sulfonylureas - Answers -- A1c dec by 1-2%
- generally added in patients with metformin failure
-weight gain + hypoglycemia
2|Page
,Aminoglycoside Antibiotic / Polypeptide Antibiotic / Corticosteroid Combinations - Answers -
Used to treat ear infections, skin infections, eye infections, and eye inflammation. They work by
killing the bacteria causing the infection and reducing swelling and irritation.
Antifolate / Sulfa Antibiotic Combinations - Answers -used to treat urinary tract infections, ear
infections, lower respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, pneumonia, and diarrhea.
They work by killing the bacteria that is causing the infection.
A2A Receptor Antagonists - Answers -used in combination with levodopa; carbidopa therapy to
treat Parkinson's disease.
Istradefylline - Answers -used as an adjunct treatment for Parkinson's disease
St. John's Wort - Answers -The flowers and leaves of St. John's wort contain active ingredients
such as hyperforin. treat depression and menopausal symptoms.
St. John's Wort - Answers -Possible interactions include:
Alprazolam (Xanax). Taking St. John's wort with this drug used to relieve symptoms of anxiety
might decrease the drug's effect.
Antidepressants. Taking St. John's wort with antidepressants might increase the risk of the
accumulation of high levels of serotonin in your body. Too much serotonin can cause mild to
severe side effects. Taking this supplement and an antidepressant requires a doctor's
supervision. The supplement can also reduce the effectiveness of nortriptyline (Pamelor). Avoid
taking St. John's wort if you're taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
3|Page
, Barbiturates. Taking St. John's wort with a drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant
(barbiturate) might decrease barbiturate-induced sleep time.
Bupropion (Wellbutrin SR). Taking St. John's wort with this antidepressant might decrease the
drug's effect.
Certain chemotherapy drugs. Taking St. John's wort with irinotecan (Camptosar), Docetaxel
(Taxotere) or Imatinib (Gleevec) might reduce the chemotherapy drug's effects.
Certain immunosuppressive drugs. Taking St. John's wort with tacrolimus (Prograf) or
cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) might decrease the drug's effect.
Certain statins. Taking St. John's wort with simvastatin (Zocor) might reduce the drug's
effectiveness.
Contraceptive drugs. Use of St. John's wort with contraceptive drugs might result in
breakthrough bleeding, irregular bleeding or unplanned pregnancy. An additional or alternative
form of birth control might be needed.
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates. Don't take
St. John's wort if you're taking a drug affected by these enzymes.
Dextromethorphan. Taking St. John's wort with this cough suppressant might increase the risk
of the accumulation of high levels of serotonin in your body.
Digoxin (Lanoxin). Taking St. Jo
Lavender - Answers -Short-term oral use in the amounts tested in studies of lavender for anxiety
or other conditions may also be safe.
Loop Diuretics - Answers -furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide. used to lower blood pressure to
treat hypertension, heart failure, edema, and cirrhosis. They work by causing the kidneys to
remove excess water and salt from the body.
An inexpensive drug
4|Page
AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027) |A+ GRADED
|GUARANTEED PASS
Insulin - Answers -A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar
levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues
NPH (Humulin N) - Answers -Intermediate-acting insulin. Onset: 1-2 hours. Peak: 4-12 hours.
Duration: 18-24 hours.
Diabetes Treatment Goals - Answers -Recommendations for Glycemic control of Adults w/
Diabetes
A1C: <7.0
Pre-prandial (fasting) capillary plasma glucose: 90-130 mg/dL
Peak postprandial capillary plasma glucose: <180 mg/dL
Diabetes Medications - Answers -Metformin (biguanide)
- dec A1c 1-2%
- initial therapeutic agent for most TIIDM
- weight neutral, low risk of hypoglycemia
- lactic acidosis is life threatening complication
GLP-1 Receptor agonist (i.e. exenatide) - Answers -- A1c dec by 0.5-1.0%
1|Page
,- possible second agent for metformin failure especially if weight loss is desired
- low risk of hypoglycemia
- risk of ACUTE PANCREATITIS
DDP-IV Inhibitors (i.e. sitagliptin) - Answers -- A1c dec by 0.5-0.8%
- low risk of hypoglycemia
- weight neutral
- can be used in renal insufficiency
Pioglitazone (TZDs) - Answers -- A1c dec by 1-1.5%
- used if unable to tolerate metformin or sulfonylureas
- side effects - weight gain, edema, CHF, bone fracture, bladder cancer
- NO HYPOGLYCEMIA
TZDs - Answers -Pioglitazone (Actos)
Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Sulfonylureas - Answers -- A1c dec by 1-2%
- generally added in patients with metformin failure
-weight gain + hypoglycemia
2|Page
,Aminoglycoside Antibiotic / Polypeptide Antibiotic / Corticosteroid Combinations - Answers -
Used to treat ear infections, skin infections, eye infections, and eye inflammation. They work by
killing the bacteria causing the infection and reducing swelling and irritation.
Antifolate / Sulfa Antibiotic Combinations - Answers -used to treat urinary tract infections, ear
infections, lower respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, pneumonia, and diarrhea.
They work by killing the bacteria that is causing the infection.
A2A Receptor Antagonists - Answers -used in combination with levodopa; carbidopa therapy to
treat Parkinson's disease.
Istradefylline - Answers -used as an adjunct treatment for Parkinson's disease
St. John's Wort - Answers -The flowers and leaves of St. John's wort contain active ingredients
such as hyperforin. treat depression and menopausal symptoms.
St. John's Wort - Answers -Possible interactions include:
Alprazolam (Xanax). Taking St. John's wort with this drug used to relieve symptoms of anxiety
might decrease the drug's effect.
Antidepressants. Taking St. John's wort with antidepressants might increase the risk of the
accumulation of high levels of serotonin in your body. Too much serotonin can cause mild to
severe side effects. Taking this supplement and an antidepressant requires a doctor's
supervision. The supplement can also reduce the effectiveness of nortriptyline (Pamelor). Avoid
taking St. John's wort if you're taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
3|Page
, Barbiturates. Taking St. John's wort with a drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant
(barbiturate) might decrease barbiturate-induced sleep time.
Bupropion (Wellbutrin SR). Taking St. John's wort with this antidepressant might decrease the
drug's effect.
Certain chemotherapy drugs. Taking St. John's wort with irinotecan (Camptosar), Docetaxel
(Taxotere) or Imatinib (Gleevec) might reduce the chemotherapy drug's effects.
Certain immunosuppressive drugs. Taking St. John's wort with tacrolimus (Prograf) or
cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) might decrease the drug's effect.
Certain statins. Taking St. John's wort with simvastatin (Zocor) might reduce the drug's
effectiveness.
Contraceptive drugs. Use of St. John's wort with contraceptive drugs might result in
breakthrough bleeding, irregular bleeding or unplanned pregnancy. An additional or alternative
form of birth control might be needed.
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates. Don't take
St. John's wort if you're taking a drug affected by these enzymes.
Dextromethorphan. Taking St. John's wort with this cough suppressant might increase the risk
of the accumulation of high levels of serotonin in your body.
Digoxin (Lanoxin). Taking St. Jo
Lavender - Answers -Short-term oral use in the amounts tested in studies of lavender for anxiety
or other conditions may also be safe.
Loop Diuretics - Answers -furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide. used to lower blood pressure to
treat hypertension, heart failure, edema, and cirrhosis. They work by causing the kidneys to
remove excess water and salt from the body.
An inexpensive drug
4|Page
