NSG555 / NSG 555 (NURSE PRACTIONERS
IN PRIMARY CARE II ) EXAM 2 ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
NEW UPDATE 2026/2027 WILKERS
UNIVERSITY .
, 1. What is the definition of diabetes? ✓✓ Correct Answer A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in
insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
2. What causes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)? ✓✓ Correct Answer Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells within the islets of Langerhans in
the pancreas, leading to insulinopenia and lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin.
3. How does the onset of Type 1 DM differ in children and adults? ✓✓ Correct Answer It is more rapid in infants and
children and more gradual in adults.
4. What characterizes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)? ✓✓ Correct Answer Insidious onset with progressive insulin resistance,
often associated with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome.
5. List some symptoms of Type 2 DM. ✓✓ Correct Answer Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, low
HDL levels, hypertension, and a proinflammatory state.
6. What is the Ominous Octet in Type 2 DM? ✓✓ Correct Answer Eight mechanisms contributing to Type 2 diabetes, including increased glucagon
secretion, glucose reabsorption by the kidney, lipolysis, decreased incretin ettect, and neurotransmitter dysfunction.
7. What are the Triumvirate Three in Type 2 DM? ✓✓ Correct Answer Decreased glucose uptake (insulin resis-
tance), increased hepatic glucose production, and impaired insulin secretion.
8. What are acute symptoms of Type 1 DM? ✓✓ Correct Answer Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision, and
fatigue.
9. What are signs of ketoacidosis in Type 1 DM? ✓✓ Correct Answer Glycosuria, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid shallow breathing,
hypotension, and dehydration.
10. What initial symptoms may Type 2 DM patients experience? ✓✓ Correct Answer Often none initially, but may later
experience polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, fatigue, slowly healing wounds, and frequent infections.
11. What is the diagnostic criterion for diabetes based on HbA1C? ✓✓ Correct Answer HbA1C e6.5%.
12. What fasting plasma glucose level indicates diabetes? ✓✓ Correct Answer A fasting plasma glucose e1 2 6 mg/dL.
13. What does a C-peptide level indicate in diabetes diagnosis? ✓✓ Correct Answer Low C-peptide sug-gests Type 1 DM,
while high levels suggest Type 2 DM.
14. What are some markers of Type 1 diabetes? ✓✓ Correct Answer Islet cell autoantibodies, insulin autoantibod-ies, and GAD65
autoantibodies.
15. What is the leading cause of serious long-term disability in the United States? ✓✓ Correct Answer Stroke.
16. What factors contribute to the decline of stroke mortality? ✓✓ Correct Answer Control of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and high
cholesterol.
IN PRIMARY CARE II ) EXAM 2 ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
NEW UPDATE 2026/2027 WILKERS
UNIVERSITY .
, 1. What is the definition of diabetes? ✓✓ Correct Answer A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in
insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
2. What causes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)? ✓✓ Correct Answer Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells within the islets of Langerhans in
the pancreas, leading to insulinopenia and lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin.
3. How does the onset of Type 1 DM differ in children and adults? ✓✓ Correct Answer It is more rapid in infants and
children and more gradual in adults.
4. What characterizes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)? ✓✓ Correct Answer Insidious onset with progressive insulin resistance,
often associated with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome.
5. List some symptoms of Type 2 DM. ✓✓ Correct Answer Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, low
HDL levels, hypertension, and a proinflammatory state.
6. What is the Ominous Octet in Type 2 DM? ✓✓ Correct Answer Eight mechanisms contributing to Type 2 diabetes, including increased glucagon
secretion, glucose reabsorption by the kidney, lipolysis, decreased incretin ettect, and neurotransmitter dysfunction.
7. What are the Triumvirate Three in Type 2 DM? ✓✓ Correct Answer Decreased glucose uptake (insulin resis-
tance), increased hepatic glucose production, and impaired insulin secretion.
8. What are acute symptoms of Type 1 DM? ✓✓ Correct Answer Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision, and
fatigue.
9. What are signs of ketoacidosis in Type 1 DM? ✓✓ Correct Answer Glycosuria, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid shallow breathing,
hypotension, and dehydration.
10. What initial symptoms may Type 2 DM patients experience? ✓✓ Correct Answer Often none initially, but may later
experience polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, fatigue, slowly healing wounds, and frequent infections.
11. What is the diagnostic criterion for diabetes based on HbA1C? ✓✓ Correct Answer HbA1C e6.5%.
12. What fasting plasma glucose level indicates diabetes? ✓✓ Correct Answer A fasting plasma glucose e1 2 6 mg/dL.
13. What does a C-peptide level indicate in diabetes diagnosis? ✓✓ Correct Answer Low C-peptide sug-gests Type 1 DM,
while high levels suggest Type 2 DM.
14. What are some markers of Type 1 diabetes? ✓✓ Correct Answer Islet cell autoantibodies, insulin autoantibod-ies, and GAD65
autoantibodies.
15. What is the leading cause of serious long-term disability in the United States? ✓✓ Correct Answer Stroke.
16. What factors contribute to the decline of stroke mortality? ✓✓ Correct Answer Control of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and high
cholesterol.
