ASC 378 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Fluorine Toxicity - Answers - can mottle the teeth enamel - characterized by chalky-
white patches - stained from a yellow to black color & structurally weak bc of
interference with normal development of enamel -> becomes a problem in the
livestocken;
1. ingestion of water high in F
2. ingestion of rations supplemented with mineral phosphates high in F
3. ingestion of forage contaminated with F fumes from smelting plants
Fluorine Intoxication - Answers - 1. excessive accumulations of F in bones & teeth
2. bones lose color, luster; becomes softened
3. bone breaking strength decreases
4. boney outgrowth (exatoses) occur from surface
5. total ash content of bones decreases
6. teeth become soft, worn down in certain areas & sensitive to cold
7. increased dental problems leads to decreased food consumption
8. long term ingestion = decreased feed consumption, growth, repro, & lactation
Factors Influencing the incidence & severity of toxicity - Answers - 1. form ingested; NaF
is more toxic than CaF2 bc it is more soluble & thus more absorbable
2. species difference; .01% of F for cattle, sheep, hogs, .035% for chicks, .053% for
laying hens
3. length of feeding of F; F is a cumulative poison, 1st in the teeth & bones, certain
protection afforded the soft tissue by this fact.
Site if F absorption - Answers - small intestines as the soluble compounds of NaF &
others
Vitamins - Answers - the most difficult class of nutrients to define; very diverse in
function, and structure.
Definition: organic substances req. by animals in small amts for normal metabolism.
Obtainable from the diet or a precursor in the diet & are not synthesized within the body
tissues at a rate adequate for normal metabolism.
Lunin - Answers - 1881-recognition that known nutrients would not support life
(CHO,fats) where previously thought of as dietary factors that could cure various
diseases deficiency.
McCollum - Answers - called recognized fat-soluble & water-soluble
,Fat-Soluble - Answers - A (retinol)
D (cholecalciferol)
E (alpha - tocoherol)
K ( K1 = phylloquine; K2, K3, etc...)
A - Answers - Retinol
D - Answers - Cholecalciferol
E - Answers - Alpha-tocopherol
K - Answers - Phylloquine
Water-soluble - Answers - vitamin C & B complex
B1 - Thiamin
B2 - Riboflavin
B6 - Pyridoxine
B12 - Cobalamine
Pantothenic Acid
Niacin
Choline
Biotin
Folic Acid
Asorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
Eijkman - Answers - 1897 - isolated the cause of polyneuritis in poultry & beri-beri in
man s being cured with rice hulls; earlier these had been attributed to a poison
Funk - Answers - 1912 - coined the term "vitamine" after the amine fraction of rice hulls
which he had isolated which prevented polyneuritis in birds
Osborne & Mendel - Answers - 1913 - isolated a fat-soluble substance from cod-liver oil
Vitamin A
Provitamins - Answers - compounds that give rise to the vitamins
antivitamins - Answers - compounds that inhibit vitamins in some manner
Cause of vitamin deficiency - Answers - - inadequate levels in the diet
-problems with absorption
- inability to synthesize sufficient by the animal, therefore it must be obtained from the
diet.
Vitamin Supply - Answers - Deficiency; an inadequate supply that results in clinical
signs/symptoms
Minimal; dietary level sufficient to prevent clinical signs/symptoms = normal growth
, Optimal; meet all needs for optimal growth & performance
Special; meets all metabolic needs under stressful conditions
Vitamin A - Answers - 1. active as an alcohol, aldehyde, acetate, palmitate & acid
2. retinoic acid wont fulfill the req. for visual purple & repro
3. palmitate most popular synthetic form
4. vitamin A occurs in animals only. Precursors call carotenoids exist i plants
5. highest [A] is in liver - fish oil livers are high - milk is a good source & colostrum
contains 10x as much vitamin A as other millk
6. an international unit = IU = USP ( U.S. pharmacopeia units) = .6 ug beta-carotene =
.3 ug A (retinal-.344 ug retinyl acetate) -> used bc different sources have different
biological activities
7. bile and fat improve absorption
Functions of vitamin A - Answers - 1. role in visual purple cycle
2. maintenance of normal epithelium
3. normal bone formation
4. nervous symptoms - due to failure of the spinal column & some other bones to
develop
5. blindness (total) may be due to pinching of the optic nerve
6. maintenance of normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure; in vitamin A deficiency get
increased spinal fluid pressure
7. necessary for normal reproduction; if vitamin A deficient there develops a temporary
sterility which is reversible on receiving vitamin A
Vitamin A Deficiency - Answers - 1. reduced appetite
2. night blindness
3. xerophthalmia
4. runny eyes of cattle & sheep
5. chickens - tear glands dry up = infections the yield discharge -> eyes stick together -
all probably due to basic epithelial changes due to A deficiency
6. increased keratinization of epithelium leads to increased invasion of infective
organisms: increased respiratory problems & vaginal, reproductive tract problems etc.
7. noninfective changes yielding increased damaged to epithelium that favors formation
o kidney stones
8. congenital malformations in certain soft tissues can result in pigs w/out eyeballs &
hydrocephalic rabbits
9. liver & kidney damage
10. diarrhea
11. testicular degeneration in males - irreversible
Hypervitaminosis A - Answers - 1. skin thickening - suppressed keratinization & mucous
secretion
2. interference w/ bone development - loss of chondroitin sulfate from the matrix
3. prolonged prothrombin time - K cures
4. cerebrospinal fluid pressure increase, hydrocephalus
ANSWERS
Fluorine Toxicity - Answers - can mottle the teeth enamel - characterized by chalky-
white patches - stained from a yellow to black color & structurally weak bc of
interference with normal development of enamel -> becomes a problem in the
livestocken;
1. ingestion of water high in F
2. ingestion of rations supplemented with mineral phosphates high in F
3. ingestion of forage contaminated with F fumes from smelting plants
Fluorine Intoxication - Answers - 1. excessive accumulations of F in bones & teeth
2. bones lose color, luster; becomes softened
3. bone breaking strength decreases
4. boney outgrowth (exatoses) occur from surface
5. total ash content of bones decreases
6. teeth become soft, worn down in certain areas & sensitive to cold
7. increased dental problems leads to decreased food consumption
8. long term ingestion = decreased feed consumption, growth, repro, & lactation
Factors Influencing the incidence & severity of toxicity - Answers - 1. form ingested; NaF
is more toxic than CaF2 bc it is more soluble & thus more absorbable
2. species difference; .01% of F for cattle, sheep, hogs, .035% for chicks, .053% for
laying hens
3. length of feeding of F; F is a cumulative poison, 1st in the teeth & bones, certain
protection afforded the soft tissue by this fact.
Site if F absorption - Answers - small intestines as the soluble compounds of NaF &
others
Vitamins - Answers - the most difficult class of nutrients to define; very diverse in
function, and structure.
Definition: organic substances req. by animals in small amts for normal metabolism.
Obtainable from the diet or a precursor in the diet & are not synthesized within the body
tissues at a rate adequate for normal metabolism.
Lunin - Answers - 1881-recognition that known nutrients would not support life
(CHO,fats) where previously thought of as dietary factors that could cure various
diseases deficiency.
McCollum - Answers - called recognized fat-soluble & water-soluble
,Fat-Soluble - Answers - A (retinol)
D (cholecalciferol)
E (alpha - tocoherol)
K ( K1 = phylloquine; K2, K3, etc...)
A - Answers - Retinol
D - Answers - Cholecalciferol
E - Answers - Alpha-tocopherol
K - Answers - Phylloquine
Water-soluble - Answers - vitamin C & B complex
B1 - Thiamin
B2 - Riboflavin
B6 - Pyridoxine
B12 - Cobalamine
Pantothenic Acid
Niacin
Choline
Biotin
Folic Acid
Asorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
Eijkman - Answers - 1897 - isolated the cause of polyneuritis in poultry & beri-beri in
man s being cured with rice hulls; earlier these had been attributed to a poison
Funk - Answers - 1912 - coined the term "vitamine" after the amine fraction of rice hulls
which he had isolated which prevented polyneuritis in birds
Osborne & Mendel - Answers - 1913 - isolated a fat-soluble substance from cod-liver oil
Vitamin A
Provitamins - Answers - compounds that give rise to the vitamins
antivitamins - Answers - compounds that inhibit vitamins in some manner
Cause of vitamin deficiency - Answers - - inadequate levels in the diet
-problems with absorption
- inability to synthesize sufficient by the animal, therefore it must be obtained from the
diet.
Vitamin Supply - Answers - Deficiency; an inadequate supply that results in clinical
signs/symptoms
Minimal; dietary level sufficient to prevent clinical signs/symptoms = normal growth
, Optimal; meet all needs for optimal growth & performance
Special; meets all metabolic needs under stressful conditions
Vitamin A - Answers - 1. active as an alcohol, aldehyde, acetate, palmitate & acid
2. retinoic acid wont fulfill the req. for visual purple & repro
3. palmitate most popular synthetic form
4. vitamin A occurs in animals only. Precursors call carotenoids exist i plants
5. highest [A] is in liver - fish oil livers are high - milk is a good source & colostrum
contains 10x as much vitamin A as other millk
6. an international unit = IU = USP ( U.S. pharmacopeia units) = .6 ug beta-carotene =
.3 ug A (retinal-.344 ug retinyl acetate) -> used bc different sources have different
biological activities
7. bile and fat improve absorption
Functions of vitamin A - Answers - 1. role in visual purple cycle
2. maintenance of normal epithelium
3. normal bone formation
4. nervous symptoms - due to failure of the spinal column & some other bones to
develop
5. blindness (total) may be due to pinching of the optic nerve
6. maintenance of normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure; in vitamin A deficiency get
increased spinal fluid pressure
7. necessary for normal reproduction; if vitamin A deficient there develops a temporary
sterility which is reversible on receiving vitamin A
Vitamin A Deficiency - Answers - 1. reduced appetite
2. night blindness
3. xerophthalmia
4. runny eyes of cattle & sheep
5. chickens - tear glands dry up = infections the yield discharge -> eyes stick together -
all probably due to basic epithelial changes due to A deficiency
6. increased keratinization of epithelium leads to increased invasion of infective
organisms: increased respiratory problems & vaginal, reproductive tract problems etc.
7. noninfective changes yielding increased damaged to epithelium that favors formation
o kidney stones
8. congenital malformations in certain soft tissues can result in pigs w/out eyeballs &
hydrocephalic rabbits
9. liver & kidney damage
10. diarrhea
11. testicular degeneration in males - irreversible
Hypervitaminosis A - Answers - 1. skin thickening - suppressed keratinization & mucous
secretion
2. interference w/ bone development - loss of chondroitin sulfate from the matrix
3. prolonged prothrombin time - K cures
4. cerebrospinal fluid pressure increase, hydrocephalus
