ASC 378 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Vitamins - Answers - very diverse in fxn and structure
organic substances required by animals in small amounts for normal metabolism.
obtainable from diet or a precursor
Are not synthesized within body at a rate adequate for normal metabolism
Vitamins as organic compounds - Answers - 1. component of natural food
(CHO/fat/protein)
2. present in foods in very small amounts
3. essential for development of normal tissue for good health, growth and maintenance
Vitamins are primarily required as a..... - Answers - coenzyme in nutrient metabolism
Fat-soluble vitamins - Answers - A, D, E, K
Water-soluble - Answers - Vitamin C and B complex
Provitamins - Answers - compounds that give rise to the vitamins
Antivitamins - Answers - compounds that inhibit vitamins in some manner
Vitamin deficiency - Answers - inadequate supply that results in clinical signs/symptoms
Minimal supply - Answers - dietary level of sufficient to prevent clinical signs/symptoms.
Growth is normal under ideal conditions.
Optimal supply - Answers - meet all needs for optimal growth and performance
Specialized supply - Answers - meets all metabolic needs under stressful conditions
Cause of vitamin deficiency - Answers - 1. inadequate level in diet
2. problems with absorption
3. inability to synthesize sufficient quantities by the animal, therefore must be obtained
from the diet
Cofactor - Answers - non-protein molecule required for enzyme function
Coenzyme - Answers - cofactor that is an organic molecule
Prosthetic group - Answers - a cofactor that associates with an enzyme covalently or
very tightly
,Vitamin A proper name - Answers - retinol
Vitamin D proper name - Answers - cholecalciferol
Vitamin E proper name - Answers - a-tocopherol
Vitamin K proper name - Answers - K1= Phylloquione
Vitamin B1 proper name - Answers - Thiamin
Vitamin B2 proper name - Answers - riboflavin
Vitamin B6 proper name - Answers - pyridoxine
Vitamin B12 proper name - Answers - cobalamine
Other water-soluble vitamins - Answers - pantothenic acid
niacin
choline
biotin
folic acid
Units of vitamins - Answers - used because different sources have different biological
activities
IU= international unit
USP = US Pharmocopeia units
amount can differ fro supply of same vitamin based on what carrier it is paired with
Vitamin A carriers - Answers - active as alcohol, aldehyde, acetate, palmitate, and acid
(many diff carriers)
occurs ONLY in animals
Retinoic acid and Vitamin A - Answers - will not fulfill requirements for visual purple and
reproduction
Vitamin A palmitate - Answers - most popular synthetic form
Vitamin A form in plants - Answers - carotenoids
Highest vitamin A content - Answers - highest found in liver
fish liver oils are high
colostrum contains 10X as much as other milk
What improves vitamin A absoprtion? - Answers - bile salts and dietary fat
, Vitamin A structure - Answers –
Functions of Vitamin A - Answers - 1. Role in visual purple cycle
2. maintenance of normal epithelium
3. concerned in normal bone formation (slow osteoblast differentiation if diet is deficient)
4. nervous symptoms due to failure of spinal column and other bone developments
5. Maintenance of normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure
6. necessary for normal reproduction (can reverse infertitily)
Vitamin A deficiency signs - Answers - 1. night blindness
2. nervousness
3. reduced appetite
4. increased keratinization of epithelium which leads to increased invasion of infective
organisms
5. noninfective changes
6. congenital malformations
7. liver and kidney damage
8. diarrhea
9. testicular degeneration
Vitamin A deficiency diseases - Answers - Xeropthalmia
copious lacrimation
Xeropthalmia - Answers - dry condition of eye and ulcerations
problem in children and rats
Copious lacrimation - Answers - runny eyes of cattle and sheep
secondary infections
Hypervitaminosis A signs - Answers - 1. skin thickening
2. interference with bone development
3. prolonged prothrombin (blood clotting) time
4. increase in CSF pressure (hydrocephalus)
5. lowered plasma cholesterol in chicks
6. resorption of fetus
7. decreased appetite
Carotene conversion in rats, sheep, goats, and pigs - Answers - carotene not absorbed
in blood stream but rather converted to vitamin A in intestinal wall
ANSWERS
Vitamins - Answers - very diverse in fxn and structure
organic substances required by animals in small amounts for normal metabolism.
obtainable from diet or a precursor
Are not synthesized within body at a rate adequate for normal metabolism
Vitamins as organic compounds - Answers - 1. component of natural food
(CHO/fat/protein)
2. present in foods in very small amounts
3. essential for development of normal tissue for good health, growth and maintenance
Vitamins are primarily required as a..... - Answers - coenzyme in nutrient metabolism
Fat-soluble vitamins - Answers - A, D, E, K
Water-soluble - Answers - Vitamin C and B complex
Provitamins - Answers - compounds that give rise to the vitamins
Antivitamins - Answers - compounds that inhibit vitamins in some manner
Vitamin deficiency - Answers - inadequate supply that results in clinical signs/symptoms
Minimal supply - Answers - dietary level of sufficient to prevent clinical signs/symptoms.
Growth is normal under ideal conditions.
Optimal supply - Answers - meet all needs for optimal growth and performance
Specialized supply - Answers - meets all metabolic needs under stressful conditions
Cause of vitamin deficiency - Answers - 1. inadequate level in diet
2. problems with absorption
3. inability to synthesize sufficient quantities by the animal, therefore must be obtained
from the diet
Cofactor - Answers - non-protein molecule required for enzyme function
Coenzyme - Answers - cofactor that is an organic molecule
Prosthetic group - Answers - a cofactor that associates with an enzyme covalently or
very tightly
,Vitamin A proper name - Answers - retinol
Vitamin D proper name - Answers - cholecalciferol
Vitamin E proper name - Answers - a-tocopherol
Vitamin K proper name - Answers - K1= Phylloquione
Vitamin B1 proper name - Answers - Thiamin
Vitamin B2 proper name - Answers - riboflavin
Vitamin B6 proper name - Answers - pyridoxine
Vitamin B12 proper name - Answers - cobalamine
Other water-soluble vitamins - Answers - pantothenic acid
niacin
choline
biotin
folic acid
Units of vitamins - Answers - used because different sources have different biological
activities
IU= international unit
USP = US Pharmocopeia units
amount can differ fro supply of same vitamin based on what carrier it is paired with
Vitamin A carriers - Answers - active as alcohol, aldehyde, acetate, palmitate, and acid
(many diff carriers)
occurs ONLY in animals
Retinoic acid and Vitamin A - Answers - will not fulfill requirements for visual purple and
reproduction
Vitamin A palmitate - Answers - most popular synthetic form
Vitamin A form in plants - Answers - carotenoids
Highest vitamin A content - Answers - highest found in liver
fish liver oils are high
colostrum contains 10X as much as other milk
What improves vitamin A absoprtion? - Answers - bile salts and dietary fat
, Vitamin A structure - Answers –
Functions of Vitamin A - Answers - 1. Role in visual purple cycle
2. maintenance of normal epithelium
3. concerned in normal bone formation (slow osteoblast differentiation if diet is deficient)
4. nervous symptoms due to failure of spinal column and other bone developments
5. Maintenance of normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure
6. necessary for normal reproduction (can reverse infertitily)
Vitamin A deficiency signs - Answers - 1. night blindness
2. nervousness
3. reduced appetite
4. increased keratinization of epithelium which leads to increased invasion of infective
organisms
5. noninfective changes
6. congenital malformations
7. liver and kidney damage
8. diarrhea
9. testicular degeneration
Vitamin A deficiency diseases - Answers - Xeropthalmia
copious lacrimation
Xeropthalmia - Answers - dry condition of eye and ulcerations
problem in children and rats
Copious lacrimation - Answers - runny eyes of cattle and sheep
secondary infections
Hypervitaminosis A signs - Answers - 1. skin thickening
2. interference with bone development
3. prolonged prothrombin (blood clotting) time
4. increase in CSF pressure (hydrocephalus)
5. lowered plasma cholesterol in chicks
6. resorption of fetus
7. decreased appetite
Carotene conversion in rats, sheep, goats, and pigs - Answers - carotene not absorbed
in blood stream but rather converted to vitamin A in intestinal wall
