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Samenvatting Spijsvertering - Pathologie - De Hertogh

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Deze behandeling behandelt de pathologie van het gastro-intestinale stelsel voor het Master Geneeskunde programma aan KU Leuven, gegeven door Gert De Hertogh.

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SPIJSVERTERING:

PATHOLOGIE VAN GI-STELSEL
GERT DE HERTOGH




3 lessen


Inhoudsopgave
LES 1: BOVENSTE GI-TRACTUS........................................................................1
SLOKDARM...................................................................................................................... 2
ontsteking: refluxziekte (GERD)...................................................................................2
BARRETT SLOKDARM (CLE / BE)...................................................................................3
MAAG............................................................................................................................... 5
ontsteking.................................................................................................................... 5
MAAGULCUS................................................................................................................. 6
MAAGCARCINOOM........................................................................................................ 6
LES 2: PATHOLOGIE INFLAMMATOIRE DARMZIEKTEN........................................8
1. COELIAKIE.................................................................................................................... 8
2. COLITIS (ALGEMEEN)..................................................................................................... 10
3. CHRONISCHE INFLAMMATOIRE DARMAANDOENINGEN (CIBD)...................................12
COLITIS ULCEROSA (CU)............................................................................................. 13
ZIEKTE VAN CROHN (CD)............................................................................................13
MICROSCOPISCHE COLITIS............................................................................................. 14
LES 3: PATHOLOGIE COLONNEOFORMATIES...................................................15
1. COLONPOLIEPEN........................................................................................................ 15
1.1 Niet-neoplastische poliepen.................................................................................15
1.2 Tussenvormen (serrated poliepen).......................................................................17
1.3 Neoplastische (adenomateuze) poliepen..............................................................17
2. COLONCARCINOOM................................................................................................... 20
2.1 Epidemiologie....................................................................................................... 20
2.2 Ontstaan en genetische mechanismen................................................................20
2.3 Kliniek en presentatie...........................................................................................21
2.4 Diagnose, behandeling en rol patholoog..............................................................21
3. EXAMENFOCUS (KERNINZICHTEN)..................................................................................22




LES 1: BOVENSTE GI-TRACTUS

,SLOKDARM


ONTSTEKING: REFLUXZIEKTE (GERD)

 Normaal
o Spierige wand
 Bovenste 1/3de: skeletspier
 Middenste 1/3de : gladde spier + skeletspier
 Onderste 1/3de: gladde spier = zwakste schakel
o Mucosa
 Meerlagig plaveiselcellig epitheel
 Dik en stevig epitheel, moet tegen wrijving kunnen
 Geen mucusproductie!
 Basale cellenlaag ≤ 1/6 epitheelhoogte
 Alle cellen die eruitzien zoals onderste cellaag: klein, blauw
kleurend
 Alle cellen die geen glycogeen bevatten (niet helder)
 Kunnen delen!
 Dochtercellen: naar omhoog, groter, bleker, glycogeen
opstapeling
 Bovenste cellen: vlakker en schilferen af naar lumen van
slokdarm
 Stromale papillen ≤ 2/3 epitheelhoogte
 = kleine vingervormige uitsteeksels van bindweefsel
(stroma) die tussen epitheelcellen insteken
 Weinig ontstekingscellen (wel soms lymfocyten; NOOIT
neutrofielen), geen spongiose (vocht of ruimte tussen cellen) of
keratinisatie (zoals in epiderm)
o Submucosa
 Fibreus bindweefsel

,  Refluxziekte (GERD)
o S/: branderigheid, regurgitatie, hoesten, heesheid
o D/: meestal klinisch; endoscopie bij atypische/ernstige klachten/geen
reactie op proeftherapie
o Typen: niet-erosief / erosief
o Microscopie
 Erosief
 Epitheeleranderingen:
o Basale cellen: hyperplasie
o Stromale papillen: verlenging
o Spongiose
o Ontstekingscellen (lymfocyten, neutrofielen)
 Focale afwijkingen  diepe biopsies!
 Niet-erosief
 Andere oesofagitiden

Oorzaak Kenmerken
Infectieus
- Candida - immunosuppressie, medicatie - witte plaques, hyfen
- HSV - immuungecompromitteerd / (PAS+)
kinderen - vesikels, ulcera,
odynofagie
Eosinofiele allergie/astma >15 eos/HPF, ringen, strepen,
dysfagie
Over hele lengte van slokdarm
( reflux: enkel onderaan)
Fysisch Trauma door voedselimpactie lokaal letsel
parakeratose: stromale cellen
omhoog, maar met nog beetje
cellen erboven
( reflux: GEEN cellen meer)




BARRETT SLOKDARM (CLE / BE)

 CLE = columnar-lined esophagus: metaplasie van plaveiselepitheel naar
éénlagig cilindrisch epitheel (met slijmbekercellen)
 Epidemiologie: ~10% bij reflux (complicatie hiervan), vooral oudere blanke
mannen
 Belang: een subtype van CLE = precancereus letsel (adenocarcinoomrisico)
 Pathogenese: reflux → ulceratie → re-epithelialisatie → CLE
o via multipotentiële stamcellen
o cilindrisch epitheel: groeit sneller en is weerstandiger aan reflux dan
plaveiselepitheel
o dus: als bescherming tegen reflux
 Complicaties: ulceratie, strictuur, fistel, dysplasie, adenocarcinoom (= maligne
klierepitheel)
 Dysplasie (IEN = intra-epitheliale neoplasie)
o = voorloperletsel van adenocarcinoma
o = neoplastisch epitheel zonder stromale invasie (kan nog niet uitzaaien 
kanker)
o D/: morfologisch

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