VIROLOGIE
MARC VAN RANST
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
OVERZICHT VIRUSSEN .................................................................................................................. 5
HOOFDSTUK 1: INLEIDING EN STRUCTUUR VIRUS ......................................................................... 6
INLEIDING...........................................................................................................................................6
Geschiedenis ...............................................................................................................................6
Belangrijke virussen in de geschiedenis ..........................................................................................7
VIRALE STRUCTUUR ...............................................................................................................................7
Grootte.........................................................................................................................................7
Envelop/naakt ..............................................................................................................................8
Capside .......................................................................................................................................8
Genoom/genetisch materiaal ........................................................................................................9
VIRALE REPLICATIECYCLUS.................................................................................................................... 13
Binding aan cellulaire receptor .................................................................................................... 13
Binnendringen in doelwitcel ........................................................................................................ 13
Ontmanteling van het virus .......................................................................................................... 14
Eiwitsynthese/genoomreplicatie .................................................................................................. 14
Assemblage nieuwe virions ......................................................................................................... 14
Vrijzetting nieuwe virions ............................................................................................................. 15
HOOFDSTUK 2: DIAGNOSTIEK ......................................................................................................15
RECHTSTREEKS .................................................................................................................................. 15
Elektronenmicroscopie (EM) ........................................................................................................ 15
Virale kweek op celcultuur........................................................................................................... 16
Antigeendetectie......................................................................................................................... 18
Genoomdetectie ......................................................................................................................... 19
ONRECHTSTREEKS .............................................................................................................................. 20
HOOFDSTUK 3: INFLUENZA ..........................................................................................................23
INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 23
GESCHIEDENIS .................................................................................................................................. 23
STRUCTUUR INFLUENZA ....................................................................................................................... 23
SYMPTOMEN ..................................................................................................................................... 24
COMPLICATIES .................................................................................................................................. 24
INFLUENZA EPIDEMIOLOGIE ................................................................................................................... 24
PANDEMIEËN DOOR INIFLUENZA VIRUSSEN ................................................................................................ 25
MAATREGELEN .................................................................................................................................. 27
GROEPEN MET PRIORITEIT...................................................................................................................... 32
COVID-19 ....................................................................................................................................33
INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 33
VOORSPELLINGEN .............................................................................................................................. 34
TIJDLIJN VAN VARIANTEN VAN CORONAVIRUS .............................................................................................. 35
NIET-FARMACEUTISCHE INTERVENTIES ..................................................................................................... 36
Handhygiëne .............................................................................................................................. 36
Fysieke afstandsmaatregelen ...................................................................................................... 36
Ventilatie: air hygiene .................................................................................................................. 36
Face masks ................................................................................................................................ 36
Testing en contact tracing............................................................................................................ 36
, Quarantine en zelf-isolatie ........................................................................................................... 37
Lockdown................................................................................................................................... 37
Vaccinatie .................................................................................................................................. 37
Antivirale middelen ..................................................................................................................... 38
Invloed op andere infectieziekten ................................................................................................. 38
HOOFDSSTUK 4: HIV ....................................................................................................................39
OORSPRONG EN ONTDEKKING HIV ......................................................................................................... 39
Oorsprong: ................................................................................................................................. 39
ontdekking ................................................................................................................................. 39
TRANSMISSIE HIV ............................................................................................................................... 39
HIV VIROLOGIE .................................................................................................................................. 40
structuur .................................................................................................................................... 40
HIV genetische subtypes ............................................................................................................. 40
Binnendringen HIV in de cel ......................................................................................................... 41
HIV EPIDEMIOLOGIE............................................................................................................................ 42
HIV in België ............................................................................................................................... 42
HIV in europa .............................................................................................................................. 42
HIV in Afrika ................................................................................................................................ 42
wereldwijd .................................................................................................................................. 42
HIV KLINISCHE SYMPTOMEN.................................................................................................................. 42
HIV LABORATORIUMDIAGNOSTIEK ........................................................................................................... 43
HIV THERAPIE ................................................................................................................................... 44
Antivirale middelen ..................................................................................................................... 44
HOOFDSTUK 5: PAPILLOMAVIRUSSEN ..........................................................................................46
PAPILLOMAVIRUS VIRION ...................................................................................................................... 46
TRANSMISSIE ..................................................................................................................................... 46
HPV CLASSIFICATIE ............................................................................................................................ 46
Cutaan tropisme ......................................................................................................................... 47
Mucosaal ................................................................................................................................... 47
ASSOCIATIE HPV EN BAARMOEDERHALSKANKER ......................................................................................... 48
HPV VACCINATIE ............................................................................................................................... 50
HOOFDSTUK 6: HEPATITIS ...........................................................................................................51
VIRALE HEPATITIS ................................................................................................................................ 51
SOORTEN HEPATITIS VIRUSSEN ............................................................................................................... 52
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) ................................................................................................................. 52
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) ................................................................................................................ 53
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) ................................................................................................................ 56
Hepatitis D delta agens (HDV) ...................................................................................................... 57
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) ................................................................................................................. 57
Hepatitis G virus (GB virus C) ....................................................................................................... 58
Transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV) .............................................................................................. 58
NON-HEPATITIS VIRUSSEN .................................................................................................................... 58
HOOFDSTUK 7: HERPESVIRUSSEN ...............................................................................................59
EIGENSCHAPPEN................................................................................................................................ 59
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS ........................................................................................................................ 59
VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV) ............................................................................................................. 61
, Varicella ..................................................................................................................................... 61
Zoster......................................................................................................................................... 62
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) .................................................................................................................. 63
histologie ................................................................................................................................... 63
Routes van transmissie ............................................................................................................... 63
EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS (EBV) .................................................................................................................. 64
HUMAAN HERPES VIRUS 6/7 (HHV 6/7) ................................................................................................... 64
HUMAAN HERPESVIRUS 8 (HHV 8) ......................................................................................................... 65
HOOFDSTUK 8: ZIKA VIRUS ..........................................................................................................72
ONTDEKKING VAN VIRUS....................................................................................................................... 72
ZIKA VIRUS ........................................................................................................................................ 72
TRANSMISSIE..................................................................................................................................... 72
WERELDWIJDE VERSPREIDING ................................................................................................................ 72
KLINISCHE SYMPTOMEN ....................................................................................................................... 72
MICROCEPHALIE ................................................................................................................................ 72
GUILLAIN-BARRÉ/ADEM ..................................................................................................................... 73
LABO DIAGNOSE ................................................................................................................................ 73
MUGGENBEET PREVENTIE EN CONTROLE ................................................................................................... 73
ANTIVIRALE THERAPIE EN VACCINATIE....................................................................................................... 73
HOOFDSTUK 9: GASTROENTERITIS VIRUSSEN ..............................................................................66
INLEIDING......................................................................................................................................... 66
ROTAVIRUS ....................................................................................................................................... 66
NOROVIRUS ...................................................................................................................................... 68
ASTROVIRUS ..................................................................................................................................... 69
ADENOVIRUS ..................................................................................................................................... 69
HOOFDSTUK 10: MAZELEN, BOF EN RUBELLA ...............................................................................70
MAZELEN ......................................................................................................................................... 70
BOF ................................................................................................................................................ 70
RUBELLA .......................................................................................................................................... 71
MARC VAN RANST
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
OVERZICHT VIRUSSEN .................................................................................................................. 5
HOOFDSTUK 1: INLEIDING EN STRUCTUUR VIRUS ......................................................................... 6
INLEIDING...........................................................................................................................................6
Geschiedenis ...............................................................................................................................6
Belangrijke virussen in de geschiedenis ..........................................................................................7
VIRALE STRUCTUUR ...............................................................................................................................7
Grootte.........................................................................................................................................7
Envelop/naakt ..............................................................................................................................8
Capside .......................................................................................................................................8
Genoom/genetisch materiaal ........................................................................................................9
VIRALE REPLICATIECYCLUS.................................................................................................................... 13
Binding aan cellulaire receptor .................................................................................................... 13
Binnendringen in doelwitcel ........................................................................................................ 13
Ontmanteling van het virus .......................................................................................................... 14
Eiwitsynthese/genoomreplicatie .................................................................................................. 14
Assemblage nieuwe virions ......................................................................................................... 14
Vrijzetting nieuwe virions ............................................................................................................. 15
HOOFDSTUK 2: DIAGNOSTIEK ......................................................................................................15
RECHTSTREEKS .................................................................................................................................. 15
Elektronenmicroscopie (EM) ........................................................................................................ 15
Virale kweek op celcultuur........................................................................................................... 16
Antigeendetectie......................................................................................................................... 18
Genoomdetectie ......................................................................................................................... 19
ONRECHTSTREEKS .............................................................................................................................. 20
HOOFDSTUK 3: INFLUENZA ..........................................................................................................23
INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 23
GESCHIEDENIS .................................................................................................................................. 23
STRUCTUUR INFLUENZA ....................................................................................................................... 23
SYMPTOMEN ..................................................................................................................................... 24
COMPLICATIES .................................................................................................................................. 24
INFLUENZA EPIDEMIOLOGIE ................................................................................................................... 24
PANDEMIEËN DOOR INIFLUENZA VIRUSSEN ................................................................................................ 25
MAATREGELEN .................................................................................................................................. 27
GROEPEN MET PRIORITEIT...................................................................................................................... 32
COVID-19 ....................................................................................................................................33
INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 33
VOORSPELLINGEN .............................................................................................................................. 34
TIJDLIJN VAN VARIANTEN VAN CORONAVIRUS .............................................................................................. 35
NIET-FARMACEUTISCHE INTERVENTIES ..................................................................................................... 36
Handhygiëne .............................................................................................................................. 36
Fysieke afstandsmaatregelen ...................................................................................................... 36
Ventilatie: air hygiene .................................................................................................................. 36
Face masks ................................................................................................................................ 36
Testing en contact tracing............................................................................................................ 36
, Quarantine en zelf-isolatie ........................................................................................................... 37
Lockdown................................................................................................................................... 37
Vaccinatie .................................................................................................................................. 37
Antivirale middelen ..................................................................................................................... 38
Invloed op andere infectieziekten ................................................................................................. 38
HOOFDSSTUK 4: HIV ....................................................................................................................39
OORSPRONG EN ONTDEKKING HIV ......................................................................................................... 39
Oorsprong: ................................................................................................................................. 39
ontdekking ................................................................................................................................. 39
TRANSMISSIE HIV ............................................................................................................................... 39
HIV VIROLOGIE .................................................................................................................................. 40
structuur .................................................................................................................................... 40
HIV genetische subtypes ............................................................................................................. 40
Binnendringen HIV in de cel ......................................................................................................... 41
HIV EPIDEMIOLOGIE............................................................................................................................ 42
HIV in België ............................................................................................................................... 42
HIV in europa .............................................................................................................................. 42
HIV in Afrika ................................................................................................................................ 42
wereldwijd .................................................................................................................................. 42
HIV KLINISCHE SYMPTOMEN.................................................................................................................. 42
HIV LABORATORIUMDIAGNOSTIEK ........................................................................................................... 43
HIV THERAPIE ................................................................................................................................... 44
Antivirale middelen ..................................................................................................................... 44
HOOFDSTUK 5: PAPILLOMAVIRUSSEN ..........................................................................................46
PAPILLOMAVIRUS VIRION ...................................................................................................................... 46
TRANSMISSIE ..................................................................................................................................... 46
HPV CLASSIFICATIE ............................................................................................................................ 46
Cutaan tropisme ......................................................................................................................... 47
Mucosaal ................................................................................................................................... 47
ASSOCIATIE HPV EN BAARMOEDERHALSKANKER ......................................................................................... 48
HPV VACCINATIE ............................................................................................................................... 50
HOOFDSTUK 6: HEPATITIS ...........................................................................................................51
VIRALE HEPATITIS ................................................................................................................................ 51
SOORTEN HEPATITIS VIRUSSEN ............................................................................................................... 52
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) ................................................................................................................. 52
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) ................................................................................................................ 53
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) ................................................................................................................ 56
Hepatitis D delta agens (HDV) ...................................................................................................... 57
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) ................................................................................................................. 57
Hepatitis G virus (GB virus C) ....................................................................................................... 58
Transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV) .............................................................................................. 58
NON-HEPATITIS VIRUSSEN .................................................................................................................... 58
HOOFDSTUK 7: HERPESVIRUSSEN ...............................................................................................59
EIGENSCHAPPEN................................................................................................................................ 59
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS ........................................................................................................................ 59
VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV) ............................................................................................................. 61
, Varicella ..................................................................................................................................... 61
Zoster......................................................................................................................................... 62
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) .................................................................................................................. 63
histologie ................................................................................................................................... 63
Routes van transmissie ............................................................................................................... 63
EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS (EBV) .................................................................................................................. 64
HUMAAN HERPES VIRUS 6/7 (HHV 6/7) ................................................................................................... 64
HUMAAN HERPESVIRUS 8 (HHV 8) ......................................................................................................... 65
HOOFDSTUK 8: ZIKA VIRUS ..........................................................................................................72
ONTDEKKING VAN VIRUS....................................................................................................................... 72
ZIKA VIRUS ........................................................................................................................................ 72
TRANSMISSIE..................................................................................................................................... 72
WERELDWIJDE VERSPREIDING ................................................................................................................ 72
KLINISCHE SYMPTOMEN ....................................................................................................................... 72
MICROCEPHALIE ................................................................................................................................ 72
GUILLAIN-BARRÉ/ADEM ..................................................................................................................... 73
LABO DIAGNOSE ................................................................................................................................ 73
MUGGENBEET PREVENTIE EN CONTROLE ................................................................................................... 73
ANTIVIRALE THERAPIE EN VACCINATIE....................................................................................................... 73
HOOFDSTUK 9: GASTROENTERITIS VIRUSSEN ..............................................................................66
INLEIDING......................................................................................................................................... 66
ROTAVIRUS ....................................................................................................................................... 66
NOROVIRUS ...................................................................................................................................... 68
ASTROVIRUS ..................................................................................................................................... 69
ADENOVIRUS ..................................................................................................................................... 69
HOOFDSTUK 10: MAZELEN, BOF EN RUBELLA ...............................................................................70
MAZELEN ......................................................................................................................................... 70
BOF ................................................................................................................................................ 70
RUBELLA .......................................................................................................................................... 71
