2
Maryville Pathophysiology Exam 1 with verified detailed || || || || || || ||
answers
Apoptosis - ✔✔A physiological, naturally occurring, programmed cell death, dismantles
|| || || || || || || || || ||
neutrophils
Self destruction
||
Deletes cells during embryonic development
|| || || ||
Nuclear and cytoplasmic shrinkage of cell.
|| || || || ||
Necrosis - ✔✔Tissue or cell death that is irriversible
|| || || || || || || ||
Hypoxia - ✔✔What is the #1 major cause of cell injury leading to necrosis. Lack of oxygen.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Hypertrophy - ✔✔Increase in cell size || || || || ||
Example of Physiologic hypertrophy - ✔✔Myocardial cells increase in size due to
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
endurance training. This is healthy || || || ||
Example of Pathologic hypertrophy - ✔✔Heart enlarges due to hypertension. The heart has
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
to pump so hard that it increases in size. This is unhealthy.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Atrophy - ✔✔Decrease in cell size. Example: this happens with the thymus gland in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
childhood
Hyperplasia - ✔✔Increase in the number of cells. Example: regeneration of the liver or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
endometriosis
,2
Metaplasia - ✔✔Replacement of cells. Example: when normal columnar ciliated epithelial
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Nucleus - ✔✔Has pores, is in the center of the cell, it is the control center and contains
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
genetic DNA ||
lysosomes - ✔✔contain digestive enzymes . || || || || ||
Ribosomes - ✔✔Produce protein and attach to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔Network of canals that carry material and is a transport
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
system
Cytoplasm - ✔✔Synthesizes protein || || ||
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - ✔✔Transfers energy. It needs oxygen to do it. This is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
aerobic metabolism ||
What happens in a reduction of ATP - ✔✔Causes plasma membrane's sodium-potassium
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail which leads to an accumulation of sodium in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the cell and calcium and potassium out of the cell. Sodium and water then enter the cell
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
freely and this causes the cell to swell.
|| || || || || || ||
What is a free radical? - ✔✔Electronically uncharged atom that has an unpaired electron.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
This makes it unstable. To stabalize it, it gives up an electron or steals one. This creates an
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
opportunity for damage to the cell. || || || || ||
, 2
What diseases do free radicals play a role in? - ✔✔Injury to chemical bond with lipids,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
proteins, and carbohydrates in the cell. It is responsible for several diseases such as HTN,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
cardiovascular, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, cancer. || || || || || ||
What is the consequence of leakage of lysosomes during injury? - ✔✔Lysosomes contain
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
digestive enzymes. When this leaks out, it halts synthesis of DNA and RNA
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Ethanol is affected when lysosomes are injured - ✔✔Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. || || || || ||
Peroxisomes - ✔✔Help to detoxify ethanol. If it is not functioning properly, the ethanol is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
turned to fat in the liver
|| || || || ||
Which cell component is vulnerable to radiation? - ✔✔DNA
|| || || || || || || ||
Effects of aging of the cells and tissues - ✔✔Systems become stiff or rigid
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Peripheral vascular resistance increases || || ||
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of the stomach.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Decreased immune response || ||
Fluid and electrolyte concentrations decrease
|| || || ||
Sacropenia (muscular atrophy) || ||
Manifestations of dehydration - ✔✔1. Thirst || || || || ||
2. Headache
||
3. Dry mucous membranes
|| || ||
4. Weight loss
|| ||
5. Decreased urine output
|| || ||
Maryville Pathophysiology Exam 1 with verified detailed || || || || || || ||
answers
Apoptosis - ✔✔A physiological, naturally occurring, programmed cell death, dismantles
|| || || || || || || || || ||
neutrophils
Self destruction
||
Deletes cells during embryonic development
|| || || ||
Nuclear and cytoplasmic shrinkage of cell.
|| || || || ||
Necrosis - ✔✔Tissue or cell death that is irriversible
|| || || || || || || ||
Hypoxia - ✔✔What is the #1 major cause of cell injury leading to necrosis. Lack of oxygen.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Hypertrophy - ✔✔Increase in cell size || || || || ||
Example of Physiologic hypertrophy - ✔✔Myocardial cells increase in size due to
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
endurance training. This is healthy || || || ||
Example of Pathologic hypertrophy - ✔✔Heart enlarges due to hypertension. The heart has
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
to pump so hard that it increases in size. This is unhealthy.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Atrophy - ✔✔Decrease in cell size. Example: this happens with the thymus gland in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
childhood
Hyperplasia - ✔✔Increase in the number of cells. Example: regeneration of the liver or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
endometriosis
,2
Metaplasia - ✔✔Replacement of cells. Example: when normal columnar ciliated epithelial
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Nucleus - ✔✔Has pores, is in the center of the cell, it is the control center and contains
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
genetic DNA ||
lysosomes - ✔✔contain digestive enzymes . || || || || ||
Ribosomes - ✔✔Produce protein and attach to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔Network of canals that carry material and is a transport
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
system
Cytoplasm - ✔✔Synthesizes protein || || ||
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - ✔✔Transfers energy. It needs oxygen to do it. This is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
aerobic metabolism ||
What happens in a reduction of ATP - ✔✔Causes plasma membrane's sodium-potassium
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail which leads to an accumulation of sodium in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the cell and calcium and potassium out of the cell. Sodium and water then enter the cell
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
freely and this causes the cell to swell.
|| || || || || || ||
What is a free radical? - ✔✔Electronically uncharged atom that has an unpaired electron.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
This makes it unstable. To stabalize it, it gives up an electron or steals one. This creates an
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
opportunity for damage to the cell. || || || || ||
, 2
What diseases do free radicals play a role in? - ✔✔Injury to chemical bond with lipids,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
proteins, and carbohydrates in the cell. It is responsible for several diseases such as HTN,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
cardiovascular, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, cancer. || || || || || ||
What is the consequence of leakage of lysosomes during injury? - ✔✔Lysosomes contain
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
digestive enzymes. When this leaks out, it halts synthesis of DNA and RNA
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Ethanol is affected when lysosomes are injured - ✔✔Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. || || || || ||
Peroxisomes - ✔✔Help to detoxify ethanol. If it is not functioning properly, the ethanol is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
turned to fat in the liver
|| || || || ||
Which cell component is vulnerable to radiation? - ✔✔DNA
|| || || || || || || ||
Effects of aging of the cells and tissues - ✔✔Systems become stiff or rigid
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Peripheral vascular resistance increases || || ||
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of the stomach.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Decreased immune response || ||
Fluid and electrolyte concentrations decrease
|| || || ||
Sacropenia (muscular atrophy) || ||
Manifestations of dehydration - ✔✔1. Thirst || || || || ||
2. Headache
||
3. Dry mucous membranes
|| || ||
4. Weight loss
|| ||
5. Decreased urine output
|| || ||
