2
Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 || || || || || ||
Study Guide questions with verified detailed answers
|| || || || || ||
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - ✔✔cell death that is regulated or programmed
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Necrosis - ✔✔characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction)
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that stem
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and is profoundly
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
changing the understanding of myocardial biology!!!
|| || || || ||
Atrophy: - ✔✔Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)
|| || || || || ||
Hypertrophy - ✔✔(increase in size of cell) Another cellular adaptation that can actually be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training - this is referred
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) - ✔✔Compensatory: removal of 70% of liver - can
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
regenerate in about 2 weeks. Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia
|| || || || || || ||
Metaplasia - ✔✔(replacement of cells) normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
if irritant stopped
|| ||
Cellular metabolism - ✔✔During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells? || || || || ||
, 2
ATP=energy - ✔✔Needs Oxygen - aerobic metabolism || || || || || ||
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium (Na+, K+)
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
swelling results. ||
What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? - ✔✔Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? - ✔✔A
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore, it is capable of injurious
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key molecules in
|| || || || || || || || ||
membranes and nucleic acids. || || ||
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play major || || || || || || || || || || || ||
roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart || || || || || || || || || ||
failure.
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? - ✔✔:Enzymatic
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA). || || || || || ||
How does ethanol injure the cell? - ✔✔Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol - if not
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
functioning properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver (Thus the term "Fatty Liver)
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? - ✔✔Deoxyribonucleic
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
acid (DNA) ||
Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 || || || || || ||
Study Guide questions with verified detailed answers
|| || || || || ||
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - ✔✔cell death that is regulated or programmed
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Necrosis - ✔✔characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction)
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that stem
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and is profoundly
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
changing the understanding of myocardial biology!!!
|| || || || ||
Atrophy: - ✔✔Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)
|| || || || || ||
Hypertrophy - ✔✔(increase in size of cell) Another cellular adaptation that can actually be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training - this is referred
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) - ✔✔Compensatory: removal of 70% of liver - can
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
regenerate in about 2 weeks. Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia
|| || || || || || ||
Metaplasia - ✔✔(replacement of cells) normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
if irritant stopped
|| ||
Cellular metabolism - ✔✔During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells? || || || || ||
, 2
ATP=energy - ✔✔Needs Oxygen - aerobic metabolism || || || || || ||
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium (Na+, K+)
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
swelling results. ||
What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? - ✔✔Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? - ✔✔A
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore, it is capable of injurious
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key molecules in
|| || || || || || || || ||
membranes and nucleic acids. || || ||
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play major || || || || || || || || || || || ||
roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart || || || || || || || || || ||
failure.
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? - ✔✔:Enzymatic
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA). || || || || || ||
How does ethanol injure the cell? - ✔✔Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol - if not
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
functioning properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver (Thus the term "Fatty Liver)
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? - ✔✔Deoxyribonucleic
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
acid (DNA) ||
