ALU 301 EXAMS SCRIPT 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Define the normal range for the left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP)
obtained during cardiac catherization and describe the significance of an elevated
reading. - ✔✔Normal range-4-12 mmHg
Elevation-indicates abnormal ventricular unction 2nd to some cardiovascular impairment
✔✔Identify the system of the heart that is studied during an electrophysiology procedure
(EP) and list several disorders that could be evaluated with EP. - ✔✔ventricular
arrhythmias, conduction system
atrial vs ventricular rhythms, AV blocks, bypass tracts, syncope symptoms, and sick
sinus syndrome
✔✔Which cardiac impairments are better suited to evaluation with transesophageal
echocardiography (TEE) than with standard echocardiography? - ✔✔those involving
atrial abnormalities - atrial or ventricular septal defects, complex valvular heart disease,
endocarditis, atrial enlargement with suspected atrial blood clots, intracardiac tumors
✔✔Laboratory evaluation in acute coronary syndromes: - ✔✔Troponins, CPK-creatinine
phosphokinase, AST-aspartate aminotransferase LDH-lactic acid dehydrogenase
✔✔Holter Monitor - ✔✔records EKG patterns of an ambulatory patient over 24 hr
period. Used to evaluate malignant arrhythmias, or heart blocks
✔✔Which cardiac test does not measure ejection fraction? - ✔✔Holter Monitor
✔✔Heart catherization report will describe wall motion similar to that of an echo -
✔✔normal, hypokinetic, akinetic, dyskinetic, aneurysmal
✔✔The T-wave on the EKG represents:
1. atrial depolarization
2. atrial contraction
3. ventricular repolarization
4. ventricular depolarization - ✔✔3. ventricular depolarization
✔✔All of the following atrial arrhythmias result from an impulse that originates from
outside of or at the SA node EXCEPT:
1. premature junctional contractions
2. premature atrial contractions
3. atrial tachycardia
4. wandering atrial pacemaker - ✔✔1. premature junctional contractions
✔✔Which of the following are considered heart blocks:
,A. Mobitz type I
B. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
C. sinus arrest - ✔✔A. Mobitz type I
C. Sinus arrest
✔✔Complications associated with atrial fibrillation include all of the following EXCEPT:
1. embolic stroke
2. ischemia
3. mitral insufficiency
4. congestive heart failure - ✔✔3. mitral insufficiency
✔✔All of the following statements regarding myocardial ischemia are correct EXCEPT:
1. It is a temporary reversible reduction in blood supply to the heart muscle
2. It induces T-wave changes on the EKG
3. It is represented by a significant Q wave on the EKG
4. It is the earliest sign of reduced coronary blood flow - ✔✔3. It is represented by a
significant Q wave on the EKG
✔✔The primary EKG indicator of a previous myocardial infarction is the appearance of:
1. prolonged QRS duration
2. significant T-wave inversions
3. third-degree AV block
4. significant Q wave - ✔✔4. significant Q waves
✔✔Describe the electrophysiology of the heart. - ✔✔all cells have an electrical potential
voltage across their membranes. the only way that this membrane potential can change,
so that muscle contraction can occur, is for the electrical charges to move across the
cell membrane causing the movement of ions through the membrane
✔✔Describe how to determine if the axis of an electrocardiogram is normal. - ✔✔If both
leads are positive (upright) the the axis is normal. If lead I is positive and aVF is
negative look at lead II, If lead II is either positive or isoelectric, then the axis is
acceptable as normal.
✔✔List five causes of atrial fibrillation (AF). - ✔✔age, valvular and congenital heart
disease, cardiomyopathy, sick sinus syndrome, hypertension, pulmonary disease,
alcohol use, hyperthyroidism, idiopathic causes
✔✔Discuss left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)
and their possible causes. - ✔✔LVH can be caused by htn, valve disease or
cardiomyopathy
RVH less common often occurs in the right ventricle d/t increased workload and
pressure
, ✔✔Depolarization - ✔✔represents the electrical activation of myocardial cells due to the
spread of an electrical impulse.
✔✔Contraction - ✔✔is the mechanical event that occurs after depolartization has taken
place
✔✔Quickest ways to determine approximate heart rate - ✔✔count the number of bold
large squares between two QRS complexes. each large square is assigned a heart rate.
3 large squares would be 100bpm, 5 large squares 60bpm
✔✔EKG characteristics of PVC are: - ✔✔The impulse is early, there is no P wave bc the
impulse occurs before atrial depolarization, the QRS complex is wide and abnormal bc
the impulse originates from a different site and travels a different path than that of a
normally-conducted impulse, there is often a compensatory pause before the normal
rhythm pickis back up again
✔✔Atrial Fib findings on EKG - ✔✔irregular R-R intervals, loss fo P waves, fine,
fibrillatory waves along the baseline, QRS complexes that are usually normal, except
when conduction through the ventricles is abnormal, ST-T wave abnormalities that can
be due to abnormal repolarization, rate-induced ischemia, or medication effects
✔✔Left bundle branch block (LBBB) results from a conduction delay or block within the
left bundle branch and can be caused by: - ✔✔left ventricular hypertrophy,
cardiomyopathy, hypertension, coronary artery disease
✔✔The most common brain tumor in juveniles is:
1. astrocytoma
2. ependymoma
3. nephroblastoma
4. medulloblastoma - ✔✔1. astrocytoma
✔✔All of the following statemtns regarding childhood bone tumors are correct EXCEPT:
1. They often occur within the second decade of life
2. Females are affected more often than males
3. osteosarcoma is more common than ewing sarcoma
4. many osteosarcomas involve the distal femur - ✔✔2. Females are affected more
often than males
✔✔Which of the following statements regarding wilms' tumor is/are correct?
A. survival rate is high if treated at an early stage
B. metastasis is usually to the lungs
C. the tumor arises in the liver - ✔✔A. survival rate is high if treated at an early stage
B. metastasis is usually to the lungs
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Define the normal range for the left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP)
obtained during cardiac catherization and describe the significance of an elevated
reading. - ✔✔Normal range-4-12 mmHg
Elevation-indicates abnormal ventricular unction 2nd to some cardiovascular impairment
✔✔Identify the system of the heart that is studied during an electrophysiology procedure
(EP) and list several disorders that could be evaluated with EP. - ✔✔ventricular
arrhythmias, conduction system
atrial vs ventricular rhythms, AV blocks, bypass tracts, syncope symptoms, and sick
sinus syndrome
✔✔Which cardiac impairments are better suited to evaluation with transesophageal
echocardiography (TEE) than with standard echocardiography? - ✔✔those involving
atrial abnormalities - atrial or ventricular septal defects, complex valvular heart disease,
endocarditis, atrial enlargement with suspected atrial blood clots, intracardiac tumors
✔✔Laboratory evaluation in acute coronary syndromes: - ✔✔Troponins, CPK-creatinine
phosphokinase, AST-aspartate aminotransferase LDH-lactic acid dehydrogenase
✔✔Holter Monitor - ✔✔records EKG patterns of an ambulatory patient over 24 hr
period. Used to evaluate malignant arrhythmias, or heart blocks
✔✔Which cardiac test does not measure ejection fraction? - ✔✔Holter Monitor
✔✔Heart catherization report will describe wall motion similar to that of an echo -
✔✔normal, hypokinetic, akinetic, dyskinetic, aneurysmal
✔✔The T-wave on the EKG represents:
1. atrial depolarization
2. atrial contraction
3. ventricular repolarization
4. ventricular depolarization - ✔✔3. ventricular depolarization
✔✔All of the following atrial arrhythmias result from an impulse that originates from
outside of or at the SA node EXCEPT:
1. premature junctional contractions
2. premature atrial contractions
3. atrial tachycardia
4. wandering atrial pacemaker - ✔✔1. premature junctional contractions
✔✔Which of the following are considered heart blocks:
,A. Mobitz type I
B. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
C. sinus arrest - ✔✔A. Mobitz type I
C. Sinus arrest
✔✔Complications associated with atrial fibrillation include all of the following EXCEPT:
1. embolic stroke
2. ischemia
3. mitral insufficiency
4. congestive heart failure - ✔✔3. mitral insufficiency
✔✔All of the following statements regarding myocardial ischemia are correct EXCEPT:
1. It is a temporary reversible reduction in blood supply to the heart muscle
2. It induces T-wave changes on the EKG
3. It is represented by a significant Q wave on the EKG
4. It is the earliest sign of reduced coronary blood flow - ✔✔3. It is represented by a
significant Q wave on the EKG
✔✔The primary EKG indicator of a previous myocardial infarction is the appearance of:
1. prolonged QRS duration
2. significant T-wave inversions
3. third-degree AV block
4. significant Q wave - ✔✔4. significant Q waves
✔✔Describe the electrophysiology of the heart. - ✔✔all cells have an electrical potential
voltage across their membranes. the only way that this membrane potential can change,
so that muscle contraction can occur, is for the electrical charges to move across the
cell membrane causing the movement of ions through the membrane
✔✔Describe how to determine if the axis of an electrocardiogram is normal. - ✔✔If both
leads are positive (upright) the the axis is normal. If lead I is positive and aVF is
negative look at lead II, If lead II is either positive or isoelectric, then the axis is
acceptable as normal.
✔✔List five causes of atrial fibrillation (AF). - ✔✔age, valvular and congenital heart
disease, cardiomyopathy, sick sinus syndrome, hypertension, pulmonary disease,
alcohol use, hyperthyroidism, idiopathic causes
✔✔Discuss left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)
and their possible causes. - ✔✔LVH can be caused by htn, valve disease or
cardiomyopathy
RVH less common often occurs in the right ventricle d/t increased workload and
pressure
, ✔✔Depolarization - ✔✔represents the electrical activation of myocardial cells due to the
spread of an electrical impulse.
✔✔Contraction - ✔✔is the mechanical event that occurs after depolartization has taken
place
✔✔Quickest ways to determine approximate heart rate - ✔✔count the number of bold
large squares between two QRS complexes. each large square is assigned a heart rate.
3 large squares would be 100bpm, 5 large squares 60bpm
✔✔EKG characteristics of PVC are: - ✔✔The impulse is early, there is no P wave bc the
impulse occurs before atrial depolarization, the QRS complex is wide and abnormal bc
the impulse originates from a different site and travels a different path than that of a
normally-conducted impulse, there is often a compensatory pause before the normal
rhythm pickis back up again
✔✔Atrial Fib findings on EKG - ✔✔irregular R-R intervals, loss fo P waves, fine,
fibrillatory waves along the baseline, QRS complexes that are usually normal, except
when conduction through the ventricles is abnormal, ST-T wave abnormalities that can
be due to abnormal repolarization, rate-induced ischemia, or medication effects
✔✔Left bundle branch block (LBBB) results from a conduction delay or block within the
left bundle branch and can be caused by: - ✔✔left ventricular hypertrophy,
cardiomyopathy, hypertension, coronary artery disease
✔✔The most common brain tumor in juveniles is:
1. astrocytoma
2. ependymoma
3. nephroblastoma
4. medulloblastoma - ✔✔1. astrocytoma
✔✔All of the following statemtns regarding childhood bone tumors are correct EXCEPT:
1. They often occur within the second decade of life
2. Females are affected more often than males
3. osteosarcoma is more common than ewing sarcoma
4. many osteosarcomas involve the distal femur - ✔✔2. Females are affected more
often than males
✔✔Which of the following statements regarding wilms' tumor is/are correct?
A. survival rate is high if treated at an early stage
B. metastasis is usually to the lungs
C. the tumor arises in the liver - ✔✔A. survival rate is high if treated at an early stage
B. metastasis is usually to the lungs
