ALU 301 CORE EXAM MANUAL 2026/2027 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Hemorrhagic Fevers - ✔✔Group of diseases caused by RNA viruses.
-Zoonoses (diseases that humans acquire from animals)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (blood clotting activated throughout the body)
-Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (4-corners of US, mice droppings. no effective trt =
high-mortality)
-Ebola and Marburg Virus Diseases (RNA virus, highly lethal, affect all body organs)
✔✔Acute viral infection that is endemic to the tropics and subtropics. Transmitted to
humans by mosquitoes - ✔✔Dengue (Hemorrhagic Fevers)
✔✔A viral disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes of the same species
of dengue - ✔✔Chikungunya -marked by abrupt onset of extremely high fever along
with severe joint pain, walking unbearable
-no vaccine or cure for disease
✔✔is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, which is
transmitted by the bite of an insect - ✔✔Chagas Disease
- in the past infected by blood transfusions
-cause of death usually CHF or sudden death to ventricular fibrillation
-trt of Nifurtimox and benznidazole
✔✔is an infection caused by protozoan Plasmodium and transmitted by the bite of the
Anopheles mosquito - ✔✔Malaria
-most important parasitic disease today
reproduces in the liver
✔✔Severe complications of falciparum malaria - ✔✔-cerebral malaria (coma/seizures)
-severe hypoglycemia
-pulmonary edema
-aspiration pneumonia
-renal failure
-massive hemolysis causing black urine (blackwater fever)
✔✔Repeated malaria infections develop chronic complications: - ✔✔-anemia
-splenomegaly
-nephrotic syndrome
trt = 2 day course of chloroquine, typically curative
✔✔is a parasitic infection caused by blood flukes that live in fresh water -
✔✔Schistosomiasis
,-mortality low, chronic illness and disability are major problems
-Katayama fever - acute form
✔✔Is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, transmitted
by the tsetse fly - ✔✔Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
-if untreated can result in neuro impairment and death yrs later
✔✔First isolated from monkeys and mosquitoes in Zika forest - ✔✔Zika
-typically a mild disease, however danger to fetuses of pregnant females
✔✔Emerging issues - ✔✔-many microbes develop resistance to antibiotics
-Deadly new diseases keep appearing
-Folded bits (new infectious agents)
✔✔3 possible outcomes of an infection - ✔✔1 -the infection overwhelms the individual
and causes death
2-the immune system eradicates the infection
3-the infectious agent reaches equilibrium w/ the host and a chronic or latent infection
results
✔✔When underwriting a hx of infectious disease, important to determine: - ✔✔-was
appropriate trt received
-received in a timely manner
-full recovery has occurred
✔✔Underwriting the elderly - falls represent the primary cause of accidental death -
✔✔Underwriting the elderly - falls represent the primary cause of accidental death
✔✔Medical considerations in the elderly - ✔✔-Disease characteristics
-Medical impairments
-Functional assessment
-Laboratory values
✔✔the use of multiple medications usually 5 or more, concurrently, resulting in toxicities
and adverse side effects - ✔✔Polypharmacy
✔✔Major causes of morbidity - ✔✔-arthritis
-hypertension
-hearing impairment
heart disease
✔✔valvular heart disease, primarily involving the mitral and aortic valves =common in
the elderly - ✔✔valvular heart disease, primarily involving the mitral and aortic valves
=common in the elderly
, ✔✔prognosis associated with valve replacement is worse for aortic insufficiency than for
aortic stenosis - ✔✔prognosis associated with valve replacement is worse for aortic
insufficiency than for aortic stenosis
✔✔Mitral stenosis - ✔✔most often results of rheumatic fever during childhood
✔✔Functional assessment - ✔✔ASCENT
A-activities of daily living
S-social involvement
C-cognition
E-exercise capacity
N-nutrition
T-trips/falls
✔✔Activities of Daily Living - ✔✔-bathing
-dressing
-toileting
-transferring from bed to chair
-eating
-urinary and bowel continence
✔✔Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLS) - ✔✔-telephoning
-handling personal finances
-using transportation services
-shopping
-meal preparation
-housework
-taking medicines
✔✔Advanced activities of daily living (AADLS) - ✔✔-working
-attending church
-going out to dinner, movie, concert
-recreational activities
-playing cards
-traveling independently
✔✔Dementia - ✔✔-Alzheimer Disease (most common)
-multi-infarct dementia (repeated strokes)
✔✔Screening tools for cognitive ability (4) - ✔✔-clock drawing test (CDT)
-delayed word recall (DWR)
-Minnesota Cognitive Acuity Screen (MCAS)
-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Hemorrhagic Fevers - ✔✔Group of diseases caused by RNA viruses.
-Zoonoses (diseases that humans acquire from animals)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (blood clotting activated throughout the body)
-Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (4-corners of US, mice droppings. no effective trt =
high-mortality)
-Ebola and Marburg Virus Diseases (RNA virus, highly lethal, affect all body organs)
✔✔Acute viral infection that is endemic to the tropics and subtropics. Transmitted to
humans by mosquitoes - ✔✔Dengue (Hemorrhagic Fevers)
✔✔A viral disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes of the same species
of dengue - ✔✔Chikungunya -marked by abrupt onset of extremely high fever along
with severe joint pain, walking unbearable
-no vaccine or cure for disease
✔✔is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, which is
transmitted by the bite of an insect - ✔✔Chagas Disease
- in the past infected by blood transfusions
-cause of death usually CHF or sudden death to ventricular fibrillation
-trt of Nifurtimox and benznidazole
✔✔is an infection caused by protozoan Plasmodium and transmitted by the bite of the
Anopheles mosquito - ✔✔Malaria
-most important parasitic disease today
reproduces in the liver
✔✔Severe complications of falciparum malaria - ✔✔-cerebral malaria (coma/seizures)
-severe hypoglycemia
-pulmonary edema
-aspiration pneumonia
-renal failure
-massive hemolysis causing black urine (blackwater fever)
✔✔Repeated malaria infections develop chronic complications: - ✔✔-anemia
-splenomegaly
-nephrotic syndrome
trt = 2 day course of chloroquine, typically curative
✔✔is a parasitic infection caused by blood flukes that live in fresh water -
✔✔Schistosomiasis
,-mortality low, chronic illness and disability are major problems
-Katayama fever - acute form
✔✔Is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, transmitted
by the tsetse fly - ✔✔Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
-if untreated can result in neuro impairment and death yrs later
✔✔First isolated from monkeys and mosquitoes in Zika forest - ✔✔Zika
-typically a mild disease, however danger to fetuses of pregnant females
✔✔Emerging issues - ✔✔-many microbes develop resistance to antibiotics
-Deadly new diseases keep appearing
-Folded bits (new infectious agents)
✔✔3 possible outcomes of an infection - ✔✔1 -the infection overwhelms the individual
and causes death
2-the immune system eradicates the infection
3-the infectious agent reaches equilibrium w/ the host and a chronic or latent infection
results
✔✔When underwriting a hx of infectious disease, important to determine: - ✔✔-was
appropriate trt received
-received in a timely manner
-full recovery has occurred
✔✔Underwriting the elderly - falls represent the primary cause of accidental death -
✔✔Underwriting the elderly - falls represent the primary cause of accidental death
✔✔Medical considerations in the elderly - ✔✔-Disease characteristics
-Medical impairments
-Functional assessment
-Laboratory values
✔✔the use of multiple medications usually 5 or more, concurrently, resulting in toxicities
and adverse side effects - ✔✔Polypharmacy
✔✔Major causes of morbidity - ✔✔-arthritis
-hypertension
-hearing impairment
heart disease
✔✔valvular heart disease, primarily involving the mitral and aortic valves =common in
the elderly - ✔✔valvular heart disease, primarily involving the mitral and aortic valves
=common in the elderly
, ✔✔prognosis associated with valve replacement is worse for aortic insufficiency than for
aortic stenosis - ✔✔prognosis associated with valve replacement is worse for aortic
insufficiency than for aortic stenosis
✔✔Mitral stenosis - ✔✔most often results of rheumatic fever during childhood
✔✔Functional assessment - ✔✔ASCENT
A-activities of daily living
S-social involvement
C-cognition
E-exercise capacity
N-nutrition
T-trips/falls
✔✔Activities of Daily Living - ✔✔-bathing
-dressing
-toileting
-transferring from bed to chair
-eating
-urinary and bowel continence
✔✔Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLS) - ✔✔-telephoning
-handling personal finances
-using transportation services
-shopping
-meal preparation
-housework
-taking medicines
✔✔Advanced activities of daily living (AADLS) - ✔✔-working
-attending church
-going out to dinner, movie, concert
-recreational activities
-playing cards
-traveling independently
✔✔Dementia - ✔✔-Alzheimer Disease (most common)
-multi-infarct dementia (repeated strokes)
✔✔Screening tools for cognitive ability (4) - ✔✔-clock drawing test (CDT)
-delayed word recall (DWR)
-Minnesota Cognitive Acuity Screen (MCAS)
-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)
