PROJECT MANAGEMENT LATEST 2026/2027 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Residential construction - ✔✔Includes single family houses and apartment building
complexes
Privately funded by individual owners or developers
Developers serve as surrogate owners and take charge, making contractual
agreements for design and constructors and financing the sale of the completed
structures
Designs performed by architects and engineers
Construction executed by builders who hire subcontractors for the structural,
mechanical, electrical and other specialty work
✔✔Industrial Projects - ✔✔Involve large scale projects with a high degree of
technological complexity such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants
and coal-fired or nuclear power plants
Owners are deeply involved in development
Prefer to work with designers-builders such that the total time for the completion of the
project can be shortened
✔✔Commercial Buildings - ✔✔Schools, universities, medical clinics, hospitals, sports
stadiums, shopping centers, warehouses, offices, hotels
Privately funded, though some projects like schools, courthouses and city offices are
publicly funded
Owner may or may not be familiar with construction industry practices but they're
usually able to select competent professional consultants and arrange the financing of
the constructed facilities themselves
Specialty architects and engineers engaged for designing a specific building,
Builders/contractors my also be specialized only in that building
✔✔Infrastructure and heavy construction - ✔✔Include highways, mass transit systems,
tunnels, bridges, pipelines, drainage systems and sewage treatment plants
Publicly owned and therefore are sensitive to governmental policy
Characterized by a high degree of mechanization which has gradually replaced some
labor intensive operations
,Designed principally by civil engineers and built by heavy construction contractors
having engineering backgrounds or support
✔✔Environmental construction - ✔✔dealing with projects that improve the environment
includes sanitary sewers, waste management and clean water
✔✔Management Process - ✔✔1. Clear goals
2. Problem solving: investigations to come to solutions. constant communication
3. Develop a detailed plan: lays out tasks, establishes resources, budget and schedule
parameters
4. Control the project: mobilize contractors, suppliers and vendors and evaluate their
progress
✔✔Heirarchy - ✔✔Owner
-Contractor
>PM
>Onsite
>Tech
>Mech
-Consultant
✔✔Managing a project includes - ✔✔-Identifying the requirements
-Establishing clear and achievable objectives
-Balancing the competing demands for quality, scope, time, and cost
-Adapting specifications, plans, and concerns of the stakeholders
✔✔Stakeholder - ✔✔Project manager
Customer
Performing organization
Sponsor
Team
Internal/External
End user
Society, citizens
✔✔Project Management team must - ✔✔Identify stakeholders
Determine their needs and expectations
Manage and influence those expectations
✔✔Program Management Office - ✔✔organization under which projects can be
centralized and coordinated
, ✔✔Meeting stakeholders' objectives - ✔✔Balancing competing demands
-Scope, time cost quality
-Stakeholders with different needs and expectations
-Identified requirements (needs) and unidentified requirements (expectations)
-Stakeholder management is a proactive task
-Project Manager must identify all stakeholders and incorporate their needs into the
project
✔✔Kick off - ✔✔contract signing
✔✔Project Phases - ✔✔Programme phase
Design Phase
Procurement phase
Production phase
✔✔Programme Phase - ✔✔Client has an idea about the project and analyses
conditions for its execution.
✔✔Design Phase - ✔✔Architects and engineers produce construction drawings
according to the client's requirements.
✔✔Procurement phase - ✔✔the client appoints the contractor to carry out the project.
Depending on the form of contract, it follows either the programme phase or the design
phase.
✔✔Production phase - ✔✔Finally, the contractor executes the job. Overviews the
different models existing example for duties as per contractor's responsibilities
throughout project timeline
✔✔Risk factors - ✔✔External: market situation, architects' plans arrive too late,
complicated client, weak construction management, bad building contracts, economic,
physical, political,
Internal: subsoil, project duration too short, architecturally sophisticated/complicated,
labor, site, materials, subcontractor
Global: construction, design, location, environmental, timeframe, management, financial
✔✔Planning components - ✔✔What: Scope
(Plans and specifications)
How much $: Budget
(via CBS - and estimate)
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Residential construction - ✔✔Includes single family houses and apartment building
complexes
Privately funded by individual owners or developers
Developers serve as surrogate owners and take charge, making contractual
agreements for design and constructors and financing the sale of the completed
structures
Designs performed by architects and engineers
Construction executed by builders who hire subcontractors for the structural,
mechanical, electrical and other specialty work
✔✔Industrial Projects - ✔✔Involve large scale projects with a high degree of
technological complexity such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants
and coal-fired or nuclear power plants
Owners are deeply involved in development
Prefer to work with designers-builders such that the total time for the completion of the
project can be shortened
✔✔Commercial Buildings - ✔✔Schools, universities, medical clinics, hospitals, sports
stadiums, shopping centers, warehouses, offices, hotels
Privately funded, though some projects like schools, courthouses and city offices are
publicly funded
Owner may or may not be familiar with construction industry practices but they're
usually able to select competent professional consultants and arrange the financing of
the constructed facilities themselves
Specialty architects and engineers engaged for designing a specific building,
Builders/contractors my also be specialized only in that building
✔✔Infrastructure and heavy construction - ✔✔Include highways, mass transit systems,
tunnels, bridges, pipelines, drainage systems and sewage treatment plants
Publicly owned and therefore are sensitive to governmental policy
Characterized by a high degree of mechanization which has gradually replaced some
labor intensive operations
,Designed principally by civil engineers and built by heavy construction contractors
having engineering backgrounds or support
✔✔Environmental construction - ✔✔dealing with projects that improve the environment
includes sanitary sewers, waste management and clean water
✔✔Management Process - ✔✔1. Clear goals
2. Problem solving: investigations to come to solutions. constant communication
3. Develop a detailed plan: lays out tasks, establishes resources, budget and schedule
parameters
4. Control the project: mobilize contractors, suppliers and vendors and evaluate their
progress
✔✔Heirarchy - ✔✔Owner
-Contractor
>PM
>Onsite
>Tech
>Mech
-Consultant
✔✔Managing a project includes - ✔✔-Identifying the requirements
-Establishing clear and achievable objectives
-Balancing the competing demands for quality, scope, time, and cost
-Adapting specifications, plans, and concerns of the stakeholders
✔✔Stakeholder - ✔✔Project manager
Customer
Performing organization
Sponsor
Team
Internal/External
End user
Society, citizens
✔✔Project Management team must - ✔✔Identify stakeholders
Determine their needs and expectations
Manage and influence those expectations
✔✔Program Management Office - ✔✔organization under which projects can be
centralized and coordinated
, ✔✔Meeting stakeholders' objectives - ✔✔Balancing competing demands
-Scope, time cost quality
-Stakeholders with different needs and expectations
-Identified requirements (needs) and unidentified requirements (expectations)
-Stakeholder management is a proactive task
-Project Manager must identify all stakeholders and incorporate their needs into the
project
✔✔Kick off - ✔✔contract signing
✔✔Project Phases - ✔✔Programme phase
Design Phase
Procurement phase
Production phase
✔✔Programme Phase - ✔✔Client has an idea about the project and analyses
conditions for its execution.
✔✔Design Phase - ✔✔Architects and engineers produce construction drawings
according to the client's requirements.
✔✔Procurement phase - ✔✔the client appoints the contractor to carry out the project.
Depending on the form of contract, it follows either the programme phase or the design
phase.
✔✔Production phase - ✔✔Finally, the contractor executes the job. Overviews the
different models existing example for duties as per contractor's responsibilities
throughout project timeline
✔✔Risk factors - ✔✔External: market situation, architects' plans arrive too late,
complicated client, weak construction management, bad building contracts, economic,
physical, political,
Internal: subsoil, project duration too short, architecturally sophisticated/complicated,
labor, site, materials, subcontractor
Global: construction, design, location, environmental, timeframe, management, financial
✔✔Planning components - ✔✔What: Scope
(Plans and specifications)
How much $: Budget
(via CBS - and estimate)
