,Galen NSG 3850 Exam 3 | Pathophysiology for
Nurses II (2026) Actual Q&A PDF
1. A patient with nephrotic syndrome would have which set of findings?
A) Hematuria, hypertension, oliguria
B) Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema
C) Pyuria, bacteriuria, fever
D) Polyuria, polydipsia, hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria causing
hypoalbuminemia and edema. Hematuria and hypertension are
glomerulonephritis hallmarks. Pyuria suggests infection; polyuria with
hyperglycemia is diabetes.
2. The nurse is reviewing a urinalysis report. Which finding is most specific for
glomerulonephritis?
A) Fatty casts
B) Red blood cell casts
C) White blood cell casts
D) Hyaline casts
Correct Answer: Red blood cell casts
,Rationale: RBC casts indicate glomerular bleeding, characteristic of
glomerulonephritis. Fatty casts are seen in nephrotic syndrome; WBC casts
suggest pyelonephritis; hyaline casts are nonspecific.
3. A patient with acute pyelonephritis typically reports which symptom?
A) Oliguria and periorbital edema
B) Suprapubic pain and dysuria
C) Sudden fever and costovertebral angle tenderness
D) Painless hematuria
Correct Answer: Sudden fever and costovertebral angle tenderness
Rationale: Acute pyelonephritis presents with fever, chills, CVA tenderness, and
flank pain. Oliguria and edema are nephritic; suprapubic pain and dysuria point
to cystitis; painless hematuria suggests bladder cancer.
4. Which organism is the most common cause of acute pyelonephritis?
A) Streptococcus pneumoniae
B) Escherichia coli
C) Klebsiella pneumoniae
D) Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: Escherichia coli
Rationale: E. coli is responsible for the majority of acute pyelonephritis cases.
Other enteric organisms can cause infection but are less common.
, 5. Risk factors for acute pyelonephritis include diabetes, pregnancy, and elderly
age. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor?
A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Pregnancy
C) Kidney trauma
D) Elderly age
Correct Answer: Kidney trauma
Rationale: Diabetes, pregnancy, and advanced age increase susceptibility to
kidney infection. Kidney trauma is not a recognized predisposing factor for
pyelonephritis.
6. White blood cell casts in the urine are most indicative of which condition?
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Acute glomerulonephritis
C) Pyelonephritis
D) Lower urinary tract infection
Correct Answer: Pyelonephritis
Rationale: WBC casts form in the renal tubules during kidney infection,
indicating pyelonephritis. Cystitis does not produce casts; glomerulonephritis
shows RBC casts.
Nurses II (2026) Actual Q&A PDF
1. A patient with nephrotic syndrome would have which set of findings?
A) Hematuria, hypertension, oliguria
B) Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema
C) Pyuria, bacteriuria, fever
D) Polyuria, polydipsia, hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria causing
hypoalbuminemia and edema. Hematuria and hypertension are
glomerulonephritis hallmarks. Pyuria suggests infection; polyuria with
hyperglycemia is diabetes.
2. The nurse is reviewing a urinalysis report. Which finding is most specific for
glomerulonephritis?
A) Fatty casts
B) Red blood cell casts
C) White blood cell casts
D) Hyaline casts
Correct Answer: Red blood cell casts
,Rationale: RBC casts indicate glomerular bleeding, characteristic of
glomerulonephritis. Fatty casts are seen in nephrotic syndrome; WBC casts
suggest pyelonephritis; hyaline casts are nonspecific.
3. A patient with acute pyelonephritis typically reports which symptom?
A) Oliguria and periorbital edema
B) Suprapubic pain and dysuria
C) Sudden fever and costovertebral angle tenderness
D) Painless hematuria
Correct Answer: Sudden fever and costovertebral angle tenderness
Rationale: Acute pyelonephritis presents with fever, chills, CVA tenderness, and
flank pain. Oliguria and edema are nephritic; suprapubic pain and dysuria point
to cystitis; painless hematuria suggests bladder cancer.
4. Which organism is the most common cause of acute pyelonephritis?
A) Streptococcus pneumoniae
B) Escherichia coli
C) Klebsiella pneumoniae
D) Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: Escherichia coli
Rationale: E. coli is responsible for the majority of acute pyelonephritis cases.
Other enteric organisms can cause infection but are less common.
, 5. Risk factors for acute pyelonephritis include diabetes, pregnancy, and elderly
age. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor?
A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Pregnancy
C) Kidney trauma
D) Elderly age
Correct Answer: Kidney trauma
Rationale: Diabetes, pregnancy, and advanced age increase susceptibility to
kidney infection. Kidney trauma is not a recognized predisposing factor for
pyelonephritis.
6. White blood cell casts in the urine are most indicative of which condition?
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Acute glomerulonephritis
C) Pyelonephritis
D) Lower urinary tract infection
Correct Answer: Pyelonephritis
Rationale: WBC casts form in the renal tubules during kidney infection,
indicating pyelonephritis. Cystitis does not produce casts; glomerulonephritis
shows RBC casts.
