CULTURE AND PSYCHOLOGY
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS.
cross-cultural research - ANS >> research conducted with members of different
cultures, to see whether the psychological processes of interest are present in both
cultures or whether they are specific to the culture in which people were raised
first 4 stages of cross cultural research involved - ANS >> .initial tests of cultural
as
differences and the discovery of fascinating cultural differences. 2. search for
meaningful dimensions of cultural variability that can possibly explain those differences
individualism vs collectivism came about in this stage 3. the third stage of research
involved the conceptual application of those meaningful dimensions in cross-cultural
studies 4. where we are now is empirically applying those dimensions & other possible
cultural explanations of behavior experimentally in order to scientifically document their
effects
validity and reliability - ANS >> A systematic process that involves evaluating whether or
not information in a text is valid (correct or sound) and reliable (dependable). The reader
engages in this process by checking specific information found in a text for its accuracy
and dependability, evaluating and applying that information, and verifying the best
supporting evidence based on correct and logical conclusions.
Validity - ANS >> The degree to which finding, measurement, or statistic is accurate or
represents what is spose to be.
Reliability - ANS >> The degree to which finding, measurement, or statistic is
consistent.
3 main types of validation studies by cultural psychologists - ANS >> method validation
studies, indigenous cultural studies, and cross-cultural comparisons
Method Validation Studies - ANS >> studies to ensure equivalence in the validity of
researchers measures, scales, and tests, not just translating a measure, there have to
be studying to test the reliability and validity of the different cross-cultural equivalences.
Cross-cultural validation study - ANS >> A study that examines whether a measure of a
psychological construct that was originally generated in a single culture is applicable,
meaningful, and thus equivalent in another culture.
indigenous cultural studies - ANS >> Studies that use rich, complex, and in-depth
descriptions of cultures and cultural differences to predict and test for differences in a
psychological variable.
, Cross-cultural comparisons - ANS >> A study that compares two or more cultures on
some psychological variable of interest, often with the hypothesis that one culture will
have significantly higher scores on the variable than the other(s).
4 types of cross cultural comparisons - ANS >> exploratory vs hypothesis testing,
presence or absence of contextual factors, structure vs level orientated, individual vs
ecological(cultural)
exploratory studies - ANS >> Studies designed to examine the existence of cross-
cultural similarities or differences. These are generally simple, quasi-experimental
designs comparing two or more cultures on a psychological variable.
hypothesis-testing studies - ANS >> Studies designed to test why cultural differences
exist. They go beyond simple quasi-experimental designs by either including context
variables or by using experiments.
contextual factors - ANS >> Any variable that can explain, partly or fully, observed
cross-cultural differences. These may involve characteristics of the participants (such as
socioeconomic status, education, and age) or their cultures (such as economic
development and religious institutions).
Structure orientated studies - ANS >> studies that examine whether constructs are
conceptualized the same way across cultures the relationship of a construct to other
constructs or the measurement of a construct.
level- orientated studies - ANS >> studies that examine cultural differences in mean
levels of variables.
ecological- (cultural) level studies - ANS >> A study in which countries or cultures, not
individuals, are the unit of analysis.
examples of a data file with individual-level data in cross-cultural studies. - ANS >>
individual data in rows and variables in columns.
Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions - ANS >> Individualism-Collectivism, Power Distance,
Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity-Femininity, and Long-Term--Short-Term Orientation.
most well known Ecological level study of culture.
multi-level studies - ANS >> Studies that involve data collection at multiple levels of
analysis, such as the individual level, context, community, and national culture.
most relevant issues to design cross cultural research study - ANS >> . getting the right
as
research question
2. establish links between culture and psychological variables(linkage studies,
unpackaging studies, context variables, individual-level measures, experiments)
3. Bias and equivalence in conducting, interpreting, and evaluatinglink of research
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS.
cross-cultural research - ANS >> research conducted with members of different
cultures, to see whether the psychological processes of interest are present in both
cultures or whether they are specific to the culture in which people were raised
first 4 stages of cross cultural research involved - ANS >> .initial tests of cultural
as
differences and the discovery of fascinating cultural differences. 2. search for
meaningful dimensions of cultural variability that can possibly explain those differences
individualism vs collectivism came about in this stage 3. the third stage of research
involved the conceptual application of those meaningful dimensions in cross-cultural
studies 4. where we are now is empirically applying those dimensions & other possible
cultural explanations of behavior experimentally in order to scientifically document their
effects
validity and reliability - ANS >> A systematic process that involves evaluating whether or
not information in a text is valid (correct or sound) and reliable (dependable). The reader
engages in this process by checking specific information found in a text for its accuracy
and dependability, evaluating and applying that information, and verifying the best
supporting evidence based on correct and logical conclusions.
Validity - ANS >> The degree to which finding, measurement, or statistic is accurate or
represents what is spose to be.
Reliability - ANS >> The degree to which finding, measurement, or statistic is
consistent.
3 main types of validation studies by cultural psychologists - ANS >> method validation
studies, indigenous cultural studies, and cross-cultural comparisons
Method Validation Studies - ANS >> studies to ensure equivalence in the validity of
researchers measures, scales, and tests, not just translating a measure, there have to
be studying to test the reliability and validity of the different cross-cultural equivalences.
Cross-cultural validation study - ANS >> A study that examines whether a measure of a
psychological construct that was originally generated in a single culture is applicable,
meaningful, and thus equivalent in another culture.
indigenous cultural studies - ANS >> Studies that use rich, complex, and in-depth
descriptions of cultures and cultural differences to predict and test for differences in a
psychological variable.
, Cross-cultural comparisons - ANS >> A study that compares two or more cultures on
some psychological variable of interest, often with the hypothesis that one culture will
have significantly higher scores on the variable than the other(s).
4 types of cross cultural comparisons - ANS >> exploratory vs hypothesis testing,
presence or absence of contextual factors, structure vs level orientated, individual vs
ecological(cultural)
exploratory studies - ANS >> Studies designed to examine the existence of cross-
cultural similarities or differences. These are generally simple, quasi-experimental
designs comparing two or more cultures on a psychological variable.
hypothesis-testing studies - ANS >> Studies designed to test why cultural differences
exist. They go beyond simple quasi-experimental designs by either including context
variables or by using experiments.
contextual factors - ANS >> Any variable that can explain, partly or fully, observed
cross-cultural differences. These may involve characteristics of the participants (such as
socioeconomic status, education, and age) or their cultures (such as economic
development and religious institutions).
Structure orientated studies - ANS >> studies that examine whether constructs are
conceptualized the same way across cultures the relationship of a construct to other
constructs or the measurement of a construct.
level- orientated studies - ANS >> studies that examine cultural differences in mean
levels of variables.
ecological- (cultural) level studies - ANS >> A study in which countries or cultures, not
individuals, are the unit of analysis.
examples of a data file with individual-level data in cross-cultural studies. - ANS >>
individual data in rows and variables in columns.
Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions - ANS >> Individualism-Collectivism, Power Distance,
Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity-Femininity, and Long-Term--Short-Term Orientation.
most well known Ecological level study of culture.
multi-level studies - ANS >> Studies that involve data collection at multiple levels of
analysis, such as the individual level, context, community, and national culture.
most relevant issues to design cross cultural research study - ANS >> . getting the right
as
research question
2. establish links between culture and psychological variables(linkage studies,
unpackaging studies, context variables, individual-level measures, experiments)
3. Bias and equivalence in conducting, interpreting, and evaluatinglink of research
