Pharm 1 Final Exam - Nagelhout verified questions and answers
2026\2027 A+ Grade
Pharamcology
- correct answer study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics
- correct answer "what the body does to the drug" - asborption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Pharmaceutics
- correct answer the formulation and preparation of drugs
Pharacoeconomics
- correct answer the study of the economic impact of drugs
Toxicology
- correct answer study of harmful effects of chemicals; pharmacology of high doses
Pharmacognosy
- correct answer The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources.
Pharmacy
- correct answer the study of preparing and dispensing drugs
Pharmacogenetics
- correct answer genetic influences by and on drugs
Pharacodynamics
- correct answer what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
,Pharacogenomics
- correct answer discrete genetic differences among individuals
Pharmacoepidemiology
- correct answer the study of the use and effects of drugs on large groups of people
What are the 2 types of ligands?
- correct answer Agonists and Antagonists
What does an agonist drug do?
- correct answer Binds to a receptor and causes a response
What does an antagonist do?
- correct answer binds to a receptor and BLOCKS the function that receptor serves
What is competitive binding?
- correct answer reversible (most drugs); as drug wears off, there will be a higher concentration of
something else in the body that will bind to those receptors. These drugs possess a weak affinity for the
receptors.
What is non-competitive binding?
- correct answer Non-reversible; once it binds it is there forever. Possesses a strong affinity, cannot be
displaced. Example: aspirin to platelets
True or False: Complete saturation of available receptors with drug molecules is not necessary for
desired response?
- correct answer True
List chemical bonds from strongest to weakest:
- correct answer Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, Hydrophobic, Van der Waals
What 4 properties are on a dose response curve?
- correct answer Affinity (potency), Efficacy, Variability, Slope
, ED50
- correct answer Effective dose in 50% of the population
TD50
- correct answer toxic dose in 50% of the population
LD50
- correct answer lethal dose for 50% of the population
What is the therapeutic index?
- correct answer LD50/ED50
What is the therapeutic window?
- correct answer TD50/ED50; estimation of drug dosage which can treat disease effectively while staying
within the safety range
Do you want a higher or a lower therapeutic index? Why?
- correct answer Higher; means it takes "x" times as much of the drug to kill the patient as it does to
treat them effectively
How would the addition of an opioid antagonist affect the dose response curve of an opioid?
- correct answer It would shift the curve to the right, drug can still get to the ED50 and maximum
efficacy, just requires a higher dose
What is down-regulation? Example?
- correct answer Continued stimulation causes decrease in quantity and quality (sensitivity) of receptors.
AKA Tolerance.
Example: continued use of B-agonists (albuterol) makes it less effective
What is up-regulation? Example?
- correct answer Chronic receptor blockade results in increase in quantity and quality (sensitivity) of
receptors.
Example: Beta blockers requiring up-titration with chronic use
2026\2027 A+ Grade
Pharamcology
- correct answer study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics
- correct answer "what the body does to the drug" - asborption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Pharmaceutics
- correct answer the formulation and preparation of drugs
Pharacoeconomics
- correct answer the study of the economic impact of drugs
Toxicology
- correct answer study of harmful effects of chemicals; pharmacology of high doses
Pharmacognosy
- correct answer The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources.
Pharmacy
- correct answer the study of preparing and dispensing drugs
Pharmacogenetics
- correct answer genetic influences by and on drugs
Pharacodynamics
- correct answer what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
,Pharacogenomics
- correct answer discrete genetic differences among individuals
Pharmacoepidemiology
- correct answer the study of the use and effects of drugs on large groups of people
What are the 2 types of ligands?
- correct answer Agonists and Antagonists
What does an agonist drug do?
- correct answer Binds to a receptor and causes a response
What does an antagonist do?
- correct answer binds to a receptor and BLOCKS the function that receptor serves
What is competitive binding?
- correct answer reversible (most drugs); as drug wears off, there will be a higher concentration of
something else in the body that will bind to those receptors. These drugs possess a weak affinity for the
receptors.
What is non-competitive binding?
- correct answer Non-reversible; once it binds it is there forever. Possesses a strong affinity, cannot be
displaced. Example: aspirin to platelets
True or False: Complete saturation of available receptors with drug molecules is not necessary for
desired response?
- correct answer True
List chemical bonds from strongest to weakest:
- correct answer Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, Hydrophobic, Van der Waals
What 4 properties are on a dose response curve?
- correct answer Affinity (potency), Efficacy, Variability, Slope
, ED50
- correct answer Effective dose in 50% of the population
TD50
- correct answer toxic dose in 50% of the population
LD50
- correct answer lethal dose for 50% of the population
What is the therapeutic index?
- correct answer LD50/ED50
What is the therapeutic window?
- correct answer TD50/ED50; estimation of drug dosage which can treat disease effectively while staying
within the safety range
Do you want a higher or a lower therapeutic index? Why?
- correct answer Higher; means it takes "x" times as much of the drug to kill the patient as it does to
treat them effectively
How would the addition of an opioid antagonist affect the dose response curve of an opioid?
- correct answer It would shift the curve to the right, drug can still get to the ED50 and maximum
efficacy, just requires a higher dose
What is down-regulation? Example?
- correct answer Continued stimulation causes decrease in quantity and quality (sensitivity) of receptors.
AKA Tolerance.
Example: continued use of B-agonists (albuterol) makes it less effective
What is up-regulation? Example?
- correct answer Chronic receptor blockade results in increase in quantity and quality (sensitivity) of
receptors.
Example: Beta blockers requiring up-titration with chronic use
