ASU BIO 202 Lec. (Exam 2)
The main goal of the cardiovascular system is to maintain: - answer Mean arterial
pressure (MAP)
T/F: The diameter of blood vessels can change on a whim – answer T
When systolic and diastolic values elevate but aren't yet in hypertension range: - answer
Prehypertension
Hypertension can be quantified as: - answer140/90 mm Hg or higher
___________ is often persistent in obese people - answer Prehypertension
___________ hypertension is the major cause of heart failure, vascular disease, etc. -
answer Prolonged
Circulatory shock - answer Condition where blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot
circulate blood normally.
Hypovolemic shock - answer Results from large scale blood loss
Vascular shock - answerResults from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral
resistance ("anaphylaxis").
Cardiogenic shock - answerResults when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate
circulation. EX= Congestive heart failure and cardiac arrest (when heart stops)
____________ is a good vasoconstrictor - answerEpinephrine
During activity, the __________ keeps the same blood flow amount as when at rest -
answerBrain
Autoregulation - answerlocal (intrinsic) conditions that regulate blood flow to that area
Reactive hyperemia - answerIncreased blood flow to an area due to intrinsic factors.
The 2 types of intrinsic mechanisms both determined by final autoregulatory response: -
answerMetabolic+ myogenic controls.
Myogenic controls - answerAutomatic response of smooth muscle ( in walls of blood
vessels).
,Metabolic controls - answerActive tissues get the blood that they need.
Active tissues behave like this: - answer-Metabolizing glucose.
-Using lots of oxygen (low O2)
-Higher amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2)
-Low pH (acidic conditions)
Active tissues' behaviors result in: - answerVasodilation
Reactive hyperemia results in: - answerA temporary vasodilation
Long-term autoregulation - answerOccurs when short-term autoregulation cannot meet
tissue nutrient requirements ( can take weeks/months).
During long-term autoregulation: - answerThe number of vessels to region increases
(angiogenesis), and existing vessels enlarge
______________ is common in heart when coronary vessel occluded, or throughout
body in people in high-altitude areas - answerlong-term autoregulation
Intrinsic controls are _________ - answerLocal
Extrinsic controls are the ________ ___________ - answerWhole body
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) __________ blood pressure - answerLowers
These hormones raise blood pressure: - answerAngiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone,
epinephrine, norepinephrine.
Cells need the blood coming from the capillaries to flow ___________ - answerSlowly
Back and forth, _________ can diffuse through the membrane of the capillary (lipid-
soluble substances) - answerECF/tissue fluid
Fluid can enter capillaries through the ______________ cleft (water-soluble
substances) - answerIntercellulcar
___________ substances can be transported via vesicles/caveolae into the capillary -
answerLarge
__________- soluble substances can be transported into the capillary via fenestrations -
answerWater
_____________ pressure (coming from the heart) pushes fluid out of vessels by forcing
the ventricles to contract - answerHydrostatic
, ___________ ___________ pressure (from the albumin) helps pull fluid back into
vessels. - answerColloid osmotic
_____________ vessels collect the leftover tissue fluid - answerLymphatic
The 4 processes of respiration: - answer1. pulmonary ventilation
2. external respiration
3. transport
4. internal respiration
Pulmonary ventilation - answer(breathing): movement of air into and out of lungs
External respiration - answerexchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood,
(involves outside air).
Transport - answerof O2 and CO2 in blood
Internal respiration - answerexchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels
and tissues, (involves capillaries).
Respiration is a: - answerGas exchange
Lower respiratory system consists of: - answerLarynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
The nasopharynx is comprised of the: - answerPharyngeal tonsil and opening of
pharyngotympanic tube
Upper respiratory system consists of : - answerNasopharynx
Oropharynx is comprised of : - answerPalatine tonsil and isthmus of the fauces
Conducting zone - answer'Important for ventilation"
conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange sites
• Includes all other respiratory structures
• Cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
Respiratory zone - answersite of gas exchange
Consists of microscopic structures such as respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and
alveoli
Epiglottis - answerIs a "trap door" that helps to cover the opening of the larynx in order
to prevent food or drink from sliding in.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium and mucus provided by goblet cells comprise the
_________ ___________ - answerTracheal wall
The main goal of the cardiovascular system is to maintain: - answer Mean arterial
pressure (MAP)
T/F: The diameter of blood vessels can change on a whim – answer T
When systolic and diastolic values elevate but aren't yet in hypertension range: - answer
Prehypertension
Hypertension can be quantified as: - answer140/90 mm Hg or higher
___________ is often persistent in obese people - answer Prehypertension
___________ hypertension is the major cause of heart failure, vascular disease, etc. -
answer Prolonged
Circulatory shock - answer Condition where blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot
circulate blood normally.
Hypovolemic shock - answer Results from large scale blood loss
Vascular shock - answerResults from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral
resistance ("anaphylaxis").
Cardiogenic shock - answerResults when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate
circulation. EX= Congestive heart failure and cardiac arrest (when heart stops)
____________ is a good vasoconstrictor - answerEpinephrine
During activity, the __________ keeps the same blood flow amount as when at rest -
answerBrain
Autoregulation - answerlocal (intrinsic) conditions that regulate blood flow to that area
Reactive hyperemia - answerIncreased blood flow to an area due to intrinsic factors.
The 2 types of intrinsic mechanisms both determined by final autoregulatory response: -
answerMetabolic+ myogenic controls.
Myogenic controls - answerAutomatic response of smooth muscle ( in walls of blood
vessels).
,Metabolic controls - answerActive tissues get the blood that they need.
Active tissues behave like this: - answer-Metabolizing glucose.
-Using lots of oxygen (low O2)
-Higher amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2)
-Low pH (acidic conditions)
Active tissues' behaviors result in: - answerVasodilation
Reactive hyperemia results in: - answerA temporary vasodilation
Long-term autoregulation - answerOccurs when short-term autoregulation cannot meet
tissue nutrient requirements ( can take weeks/months).
During long-term autoregulation: - answerThe number of vessels to region increases
(angiogenesis), and existing vessels enlarge
______________ is common in heart when coronary vessel occluded, or throughout
body in people in high-altitude areas - answerlong-term autoregulation
Intrinsic controls are _________ - answerLocal
Extrinsic controls are the ________ ___________ - answerWhole body
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) __________ blood pressure - answerLowers
These hormones raise blood pressure: - answerAngiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone,
epinephrine, norepinephrine.
Cells need the blood coming from the capillaries to flow ___________ - answerSlowly
Back and forth, _________ can diffuse through the membrane of the capillary (lipid-
soluble substances) - answerECF/tissue fluid
Fluid can enter capillaries through the ______________ cleft (water-soluble
substances) - answerIntercellulcar
___________ substances can be transported via vesicles/caveolae into the capillary -
answerLarge
__________- soluble substances can be transported into the capillary via fenestrations -
answerWater
_____________ pressure (coming from the heart) pushes fluid out of vessels by forcing
the ventricles to contract - answerHydrostatic
, ___________ ___________ pressure (from the albumin) helps pull fluid back into
vessels. - answerColloid osmotic
_____________ vessels collect the leftover tissue fluid - answerLymphatic
The 4 processes of respiration: - answer1. pulmonary ventilation
2. external respiration
3. transport
4. internal respiration
Pulmonary ventilation - answer(breathing): movement of air into and out of lungs
External respiration - answerexchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood,
(involves outside air).
Transport - answerof O2 and CO2 in blood
Internal respiration - answerexchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels
and tissues, (involves capillaries).
Respiration is a: - answerGas exchange
Lower respiratory system consists of: - answerLarynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
The nasopharynx is comprised of the: - answerPharyngeal tonsil and opening of
pharyngotympanic tube
Upper respiratory system consists of : - answerNasopharynx
Oropharynx is comprised of : - answerPalatine tonsil and isthmus of the fauces
Conducting zone - answer'Important for ventilation"
conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange sites
• Includes all other respiratory structures
• Cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
Respiratory zone - answersite of gas exchange
Consists of microscopic structures such as respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and
alveoli
Epiglottis - answerIs a "trap door" that helps to cover the opening of the larynx in order
to prevent food or drink from sliding in.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium and mucus provided by goblet cells comprise the
_________ ___________ - answerTracheal wall
