HUM 115 CRITICAL THINKING UPDATED EXAMS
TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Sufficient Condition - ✔✔Something that guarantees something else.
✔✔Sufficient Condition Example - ✔✔Being a square is sufficient for being a rectangle.
✔✔A Priori Knowledge - ✔✔Knowledge gained without needing experience; known
through reason alone.
✔✔A Priori Example - ✔✔2 + 2 = 4.
✔✔A Posteriori Knowledge - ✔✔Knowledge gained through observation or experience.
✔✔A Posteriori Example - ✔✔The grass is wet.
✔✔Why Weed Out Falsehoods? - ✔✔False beliefs lead to bad reasoning and wrong
conclusions in our worldview.
✔✔Valid Argument - ✔✔An argument with a correct reasoning structure where the
conclusion follows from the premises.
, ✔✔Invalid Argument - ✔✔An argument with incorrect reasoning structure where the
conclusion does not logically follow.
✔✔Validity vs Truth - ✔✔Validity means the form is correct; truth means the statements
are actually true.
✔✔~ Symbol - ✔✔Means NOT.
✔✔& Symbol - ✔✔Means AND.
✔✔v Symbol - ✔✔Means OR.
✔✔→ Symbol - ✔✔Means IF...THEN.
✔✔Not Both A and B - ✔✔~(A & B)
✔✔Modus Ponens (MP) - ✔✔If P then Q. P. Therefore Q.
✔✔Modus Tollens (MT) - ✔✔If P then Q. Not Q. Therefore not P.
✔✔Hypothetical Syllogism (HS) - ✔✔If P then Q. If Q then R. Therefore if P then R.
✔✔DeMorgan's Rule 1 - ✔✔~(P & Q) = ~P v ~Q
✔✔DeMorgan's Rule 2 - ✔✔~(P v Q) = ~P & ~Q
✔✔A Statement - ✔✔All S are P. Universal affirmative.
✔✔E Statement - ✔✔No S are P. Universal negative.
✔✔I Statement - ✔✔Some S are P. Particular affirmative.
✔✔O Statement - ✔✔Some S are not P. Particular negative.
✔✔Contrary Relation - ✔✔A and E statements cannot both be true.
✔✔Subcontrary Relation - ✔✔I and O statements cannot both be false.
✔✔Contradictory Relation - ✔✔A and O are opposites; E and I are opposites. One must
be true and one false.
✔✔Subimplication/Subalternation - ✔✔Truth flows downward from A to I and E to O.
Falsehood flows upward.
TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Sufficient Condition - ✔✔Something that guarantees something else.
✔✔Sufficient Condition Example - ✔✔Being a square is sufficient for being a rectangle.
✔✔A Priori Knowledge - ✔✔Knowledge gained without needing experience; known
through reason alone.
✔✔A Priori Example - ✔✔2 + 2 = 4.
✔✔A Posteriori Knowledge - ✔✔Knowledge gained through observation or experience.
✔✔A Posteriori Example - ✔✔The grass is wet.
✔✔Why Weed Out Falsehoods? - ✔✔False beliefs lead to bad reasoning and wrong
conclusions in our worldview.
✔✔Valid Argument - ✔✔An argument with a correct reasoning structure where the
conclusion follows from the premises.
, ✔✔Invalid Argument - ✔✔An argument with incorrect reasoning structure where the
conclusion does not logically follow.
✔✔Validity vs Truth - ✔✔Validity means the form is correct; truth means the statements
are actually true.
✔✔~ Symbol - ✔✔Means NOT.
✔✔& Symbol - ✔✔Means AND.
✔✔v Symbol - ✔✔Means OR.
✔✔→ Symbol - ✔✔Means IF...THEN.
✔✔Not Both A and B - ✔✔~(A & B)
✔✔Modus Ponens (MP) - ✔✔If P then Q. P. Therefore Q.
✔✔Modus Tollens (MT) - ✔✔If P then Q. Not Q. Therefore not P.
✔✔Hypothetical Syllogism (HS) - ✔✔If P then Q. If Q then R. Therefore if P then R.
✔✔DeMorgan's Rule 1 - ✔✔~(P & Q) = ~P v ~Q
✔✔DeMorgan's Rule 2 - ✔✔~(P v Q) = ~P & ~Q
✔✔A Statement - ✔✔All S are P. Universal affirmative.
✔✔E Statement - ✔✔No S are P. Universal negative.
✔✔I Statement - ✔✔Some S are P. Particular affirmative.
✔✔O Statement - ✔✔Some S are not P. Particular negative.
✔✔Contrary Relation - ✔✔A and E statements cannot both be true.
✔✔Subcontrary Relation - ✔✔I and O statements cannot both be false.
✔✔Contradictory Relation - ✔✔A and O are opposites; E and I are opposites. One must
be true and one false.
✔✔Subimplication/Subalternation - ✔✔Truth flows downward from A to I and E to O.
Falsehood flows upward.
