MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING 2026
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW NOTES,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS NCLEX STYLE
RATIONALES AND EXAM PREPARATION
What are the charectoristics & symptoms of a subconjunctival
heamorrhage? -CORRECT ANSWER-traumatic, spontaneous, or
related to systemic illness
-symptomatic
-Deep red patch on the globe
-Sudden onset
-Normal vision.
What are the causes of subconjunctival heamorrhage? -CORRECT
ANSWER--iopathic
-Valsalva (e.g. coughing, straining, vomiting) - particularly in children
-Traumatic - including remote injury and surgery
-Hypertension or arteriosclerosis
Blood dyscrasias (if recurrent or in young patients without history of
trauma or infection)
,•
Antibiotics, drugs/chemicals.
Management of subconjunctival heamorrhage? -CORRECT
ANSWER-If onset is spontaneous, check patient's blood pres
sure and reassure patient that it will resolve in 2/52.
OTC artificial tears can be used 4 times per day for mild irritation
Discourage use of aspirin products or NSAIDs until
subcon haemorrhage resolved
What is keratitis? -CORRECT ANSWER-Keratitis is an inflammation
of the cornea — the clear, dome-shaped tissue on the front of your eye that
covers the pupil and iris.
somtimes infection involving bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Noninfectious , contact lenses & other noninfectious diseases
What are the symptoms of keratitis? -CORRECT ANSWER-Eye
redness
Eye pain
Excess tears or other discharge from your eye
Difficulty opening your eyelid because of pain or irritation
Blurred vision
Decreased vision
Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
,A feeling that something is in your eye
what are the Complications of keratitis -CORRECT ANSWER-
Chronic corneal inflammation
Chronic or recurrent viral infections of your cornea
Open sores on your cornea (corneal ulcers)
Corneal swelling and scarring
Temporary or permanent reduction in your vision
Blindness
what methods should Pt use to Prevent keratitis -CORRECT
ANSWER-Usual Good care for contact lenses , ont wear when swimming
& Preventing viral outbreaks.
How is keratinitis classified -CORRECT ANSWER-Exposure keratitis
— due to dryness of the cornea caused by incomplete eyelid closure
photo-keratinitis - due to UV e.g. snow or welders
Contact elnse acute red eye - non ulcerative
moderte- superficial punctate keratitis - lumps on conrea bilaterally)
severe- ulcerative keratitis - disruption (infect/inflam) of its epithelial layer
with involvement of the corneal stroma.
, What is orbital cellulitis? -CORRECT ANSWER-extension of
infection from the nasal sinuses or the skin of the face although in children,
there may be haematogenous spread from a more distant site. (normally
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and staphylococci.)
how is keratitus treated? -CORRECT ANSWER-depends on the cause
of the keratitis.
can progress rapidly, requires urgent antibacterial, antifungal, or antiviral
therapy. Abx solutions include levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin,
ofloxacin.
what are the symptoms and charectoristics of orbital cellulitis? -
CORRECT ANSWER-The condition is characterised by acute
swelling of the orbital tissues, proptosis, oedema and limited eye
movement.
Complication of orbital cellulitis -CORRECT ANSWER-cavernous
sinus thrombosis as indicated by neurological signs, visual loss, muscle
paresis and papilloedema. Erosion of orbital bones may result in brain
abscess and meningitis.
When should you refer orbital cellulitis?
and how do you treat it? -CORRECT ANSWER-This condition
requires urgent referral.
Immediate treatment is necessary and before the causative organism is
known.
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW NOTES,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS NCLEX STYLE
RATIONALES AND EXAM PREPARATION
What are the charectoristics & symptoms of a subconjunctival
heamorrhage? -CORRECT ANSWER-traumatic, spontaneous, or
related to systemic illness
-symptomatic
-Deep red patch on the globe
-Sudden onset
-Normal vision.
What are the causes of subconjunctival heamorrhage? -CORRECT
ANSWER--iopathic
-Valsalva (e.g. coughing, straining, vomiting) - particularly in children
-Traumatic - including remote injury and surgery
-Hypertension or arteriosclerosis
Blood dyscrasias (if recurrent or in young patients without history of
trauma or infection)
,•
Antibiotics, drugs/chemicals.
Management of subconjunctival heamorrhage? -CORRECT
ANSWER-If onset is spontaneous, check patient's blood pres
sure and reassure patient that it will resolve in 2/52.
OTC artificial tears can be used 4 times per day for mild irritation
Discourage use of aspirin products or NSAIDs until
subcon haemorrhage resolved
What is keratitis? -CORRECT ANSWER-Keratitis is an inflammation
of the cornea — the clear, dome-shaped tissue on the front of your eye that
covers the pupil and iris.
somtimes infection involving bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Noninfectious , contact lenses & other noninfectious diseases
What are the symptoms of keratitis? -CORRECT ANSWER-Eye
redness
Eye pain
Excess tears or other discharge from your eye
Difficulty opening your eyelid because of pain or irritation
Blurred vision
Decreased vision
Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
,A feeling that something is in your eye
what are the Complications of keratitis -CORRECT ANSWER-
Chronic corneal inflammation
Chronic or recurrent viral infections of your cornea
Open sores on your cornea (corneal ulcers)
Corneal swelling and scarring
Temporary or permanent reduction in your vision
Blindness
what methods should Pt use to Prevent keratitis -CORRECT
ANSWER-Usual Good care for contact lenses , ont wear when swimming
& Preventing viral outbreaks.
How is keratinitis classified -CORRECT ANSWER-Exposure keratitis
— due to dryness of the cornea caused by incomplete eyelid closure
photo-keratinitis - due to UV e.g. snow or welders
Contact elnse acute red eye - non ulcerative
moderte- superficial punctate keratitis - lumps on conrea bilaterally)
severe- ulcerative keratitis - disruption (infect/inflam) of its epithelial layer
with involvement of the corneal stroma.
, What is orbital cellulitis? -CORRECT ANSWER-extension of
infection from the nasal sinuses or the skin of the face although in children,
there may be haematogenous spread from a more distant site. (normally
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and staphylococci.)
how is keratitus treated? -CORRECT ANSWER-depends on the cause
of the keratitis.
can progress rapidly, requires urgent antibacterial, antifungal, or antiviral
therapy. Abx solutions include levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin,
ofloxacin.
what are the symptoms and charectoristics of orbital cellulitis? -
CORRECT ANSWER-The condition is characterised by acute
swelling of the orbital tissues, proptosis, oedema and limited eye
movement.
Complication of orbital cellulitis -CORRECT ANSWER-cavernous
sinus thrombosis as indicated by neurological signs, visual loss, muscle
paresis and papilloedema. Erosion of orbital bones may result in brain
abscess and meningitis.
When should you refer orbital cellulitis?
and how do you treat it? -CORRECT ANSWER-This condition
requires urgent referral.
Immediate treatment is necessary and before the causative organism is
known.
