NSG 170 Cellular Regulation Exam-
Graded A
anaplasia - ANS-the regression of a cell to an immature or undifferentiated cell type
Any of differences in cellular regulation have potential to become cancerous,
compromise patient health
autosomes - ANS-first 22 pairs of chromosomes
differentiation - ANS-a normal process occuring over many cell cycles that allows cells
to specialize in certain tasks
genome - ANS-all of the DNA in a human cell
dysplasia - ANS-represents a loss of DNA control over differentiation in response to
adverse conditions
homologous chromosomes - ANS-pairs of inherited chromosomes
hyperplasia - ANS-an increase in the number or density of normal cells
Occurs in
a. Response to stress
b. Increased metabolic demands
c. Elevated levels of hormones
d. Under normal DNA control
2. Reversible
meiosis - ANS-a type of cell division that takes place in th esex cells o fthe testes and
ovaries and results in formation of the sperm and oocytes
metaplasia - ANS-a change in the normal pattern of differentiation such that dividing
cells differentate into cell types not normaly found at that location in the body
Metaplastic cell normal for particular type but not in normal location
2. Some cells less functional than cells they replace
3. In response to stressor → reversible
4. Under normal DNA control
mitosis - ANS-the process of making new cells
,ribonucleic acid (RNA) - ANS-forms ribosomes
sex chromosomes - ANS-23 pair, determines gender
somatic cells - ANS-found in tissues of the body
cell membrane - ANS-Defined boundary, definite shape, holds cell contents together
B. Protective covering
C. Allows materials in and out of cell
cytoplasm - ANS-A. Watery soup of proteins, nucleic acids, gases, salts, other
substances
nucleus and nucleolus - ANS-Brain of the cell that regulates and directs activities of the
organelles in the cell
B. Nucleus surrounded by double-walled nuclear membrane
C. Membrane has large pores to allow certain materials in and out
D. Chromosomes contain DNA
E. Nucleolus within nucleus, synthesizes RNA
F. Centrosomes—contain centrioles
ribosomes - ANS-Organelles found in endoplasmic reticulum
B. Made of RNA
C. Assist in production of enzymes, other proteins needed for cell repair, reproduction
endoplasmic reticulum - ANS-Series of channels in cytoplasm
B. Formed from folded membranes
C. Two forms → rough, smooth
1. Synthesizes protein, synthesizes lipids and steroids
mitochondria - ANS-Tiny bean-shaped organelles
B. Cell's power plant
C. 95% of body's energy needs for cellular repair, movement, and reproduction
golgi apparatus - ANS-Looks like flattened, membranous sac
B. Protein received from endoplasmic reticulum → portion of Golgi apparatus envelops
the protein
C. Cells of organs with high level of secretion, storage (digestive system) contain larger
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes - ANS-Vesicles containing powerful enzymes
B. Clean up intracellular debris, other waste
C. Assist with phagocytosis
, benign - ANS-a growth that does not endanger life or health and tends not to recur after
treatment
cachexia - ANS-wasting syndrome called cachexia, which includes malnutrition and
unexplained loss of weight and muscle mass
cancer - ANS-a group of complex diseases whose manifestations depend on the
affected body system and the type of cells involved
carcinogenesis - ANS-the production or origin of cancer
theories of the origin of cancer include two important concepts
1. Damaged DNA (inherited or from external sources) sets up the initial step for cancer
to occur
2. Impairment of the immune system lessens its ability to destroy abnormal cells
carcinogens - ANS-cancer-causing substances
can be categorized in two groups
1. Genotoxic → directly alter DNA and cause mutations
2. Promoter substances → which cause other biological effects such as cytotoxicity,
hormonal imbalances, altered immunity, or chronic tissue damage
chemotaxis - ANS-the movement of cells in response to a chemical stimulus that draws
the tumor cells into the normal tissues
chemotherapy - ANS-pharmacologic treatment that involves the administration of
chemicals that destroy cancer cells
grading - ANS-evaluates the amount of differentiation or level of functional maturity of
the cell and estimates the rate of growth based on the mitotic rate
invasion - ANS-a quality possessed by malignant neoplasms allowing them to cut
through surrounding tissues causing bleeding, inflammation, and necrosis
malignant - ANS-growth that, if not treated, will recur, continue to grow, and spread to
other sites in the body, ending in death
metastasis - ANS-most destructive trait of malignant neoplasms which enables them to
spread to other areas of the body
occurs by one or more mechanisms
1. Embolism in blood or lymph or spread by way of body cavities
2. Tumor's ability to metastasize requires three steps
3. Intravasation of malignant cells through blood or lymphatic vessel walls into the
circulation
Graded A
anaplasia - ANS-the regression of a cell to an immature or undifferentiated cell type
Any of differences in cellular regulation have potential to become cancerous,
compromise patient health
autosomes - ANS-first 22 pairs of chromosomes
differentiation - ANS-a normal process occuring over many cell cycles that allows cells
to specialize in certain tasks
genome - ANS-all of the DNA in a human cell
dysplasia - ANS-represents a loss of DNA control over differentiation in response to
adverse conditions
homologous chromosomes - ANS-pairs of inherited chromosomes
hyperplasia - ANS-an increase in the number or density of normal cells
Occurs in
a. Response to stress
b. Increased metabolic demands
c. Elevated levels of hormones
d. Under normal DNA control
2. Reversible
meiosis - ANS-a type of cell division that takes place in th esex cells o fthe testes and
ovaries and results in formation of the sperm and oocytes
metaplasia - ANS-a change in the normal pattern of differentiation such that dividing
cells differentate into cell types not normaly found at that location in the body
Metaplastic cell normal for particular type but not in normal location
2. Some cells less functional than cells they replace
3. In response to stressor → reversible
4. Under normal DNA control
mitosis - ANS-the process of making new cells
,ribonucleic acid (RNA) - ANS-forms ribosomes
sex chromosomes - ANS-23 pair, determines gender
somatic cells - ANS-found in tissues of the body
cell membrane - ANS-Defined boundary, definite shape, holds cell contents together
B. Protective covering
C. Allows materials in and out of cell
cytoplasm - ANS-A. Watery soup of proteins, nucleic acids, gases, salts, other
substances
nucleus and nucleolus - ANS-Brain of the cell that regulates and directs activities of the
organelles in the cell
B. Nucleus surrounded by double-walled nuclear membrane
C. Membrane has large pores to allow certain materials in and out
D. Chromosomes contain DNA
E. Nucleolus within nucleus, synthesizes RNA
F. Centrosomes—contain centrioles
ribosomes - ANS-Organelles found in endoplasmic reticulum
B. Made of RNA
C. Assist in production of enzymes, other proteins needed for cell repair, reproduction
endoplasmic reticulum - ANS-Series of channels in cytoplasm
B. Formed from folded membranes
C. Two forms → rough, smooth
1. Synthesizes protein, synthesizes lipids and steroids
mitochondria - ANS-Tiny bean-shaped organelles
B. Cell's power plant
C. 95% of body's energy needs for cellular repair, movement, and reproduction
golgi apparatus - ANS-Looks like flattened, membranous sac
B. Protein received from endoplasmic reticulum → portion of Golgi apparatus envelops
the protein
C. Cells of organs with high level of secretion, storage (digestive system) contain larger
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes - ANS-Vesicles containing powerful enzymes
B. Clean up intracellular debris, other waste
C. Assist with phagocytosis
, benign - ANS-a growth that does not endanger life or health and tends not to recur after
treatment
cachexia - ANS-wasting syndrome called cachexia, which includes malnutrition and
unexplained loss of weight and muscle mass
cancer - ANS-a group of complex diseases whose manifestations depend on the
affected body system and the type of cells involved
carcinogenesis - ANS-the production or origin of cancer
theories of the origin of cancer include two important concepts
1. Damaged DNA (inherited or from external sources) sets up the initial step for cancer
to occur
2. Impairment of the immune system lessens its ability to destroy abnormal cells
carcinogens - ANS-cancer-causing substances
can be categorized in two groups
1. Genotoxic → directly alter DNA and cause mutations
2. Promoter substances → which cause other biological effects such as cytotoxicity,
hormonal imbalances, altered immunity, or chronic tissue damage
chemotaxis - ANS-the movement of cells in response to a chemical stimulus that draws
the tumor cells into the normal tissues
chemotherapy - ANS-pharmacologic treatment that involves the administration of
chemicals that destroy cancer cells
grading - ANS-evaluates the amount of differentiation or level of functional maturity of
the cell and estimates the rate of growth based on the mitotic rate
invasion - ANS-a quality possessed by malignant neoplasms allowing them to cut
through surrounding tissues causing bleeding, inflammation, and necrosis
malignant - ANS-growth that, if not treated, will recur, continue to grow, and spread to
other sites in the body, ending in death
metastasis - ANS-most destructive trait of malignant neoplasms which enables them to
spread to other areas of the body
occurs by one or more mechanisms
1. Embolism in blood or lymph or spread by way of body cavities
2. Tumor's ability to metastasize requires three steps
3. Intravasation of malignant cells through blood or lymphatic vessel walls into the
circulation
