NSG 170 Test 1: Thermoregulation and
Cellular Regulation
Cellular regulation - ANSWER-all the functions carried out within a cell to maintain
homeostasis including responses to extracellular signals (like hormones, cytokines, and
neurotransmitters) and mechanisms by which intracellular signals are produced. This
also includes cellular replication and growth.
Proliferation - ANSWER-the production of new cells through cell growth and division
Differentiation - ANSWER-the acquisition of a specific cell function, a normal process by
which a less specialized cell becomes more specialized.
Neoplasia - ANSWER-an abnormal and progressive multiplication of cells that leads to
the formation of a tumor or neoplasm. Interrelated concept-Differentiation.
Neoplasm - ANSWER-an abnormal tissue growth that is uncontrolled and progressive.
Is categorized as either benign or malignant (cancerous).
Fixed errors - ANSWER-irreparable errors that lead to permanent abnormal changes
that affect biophysical health, psychosocial health, and the functional status of an
individual.
Dysplasia - ANSWER-describes morphologically abnormal cells that have a high risk of
becoming malignant
Proliferation rate: Provide examples of slow and rapid - ANSWER-The rate of
proliferation varies according to the needs of the tissue for example there is rapid
proliferation in areas where cellular turnover is high like the bone marrow and the
epithelium that lines the GI tract whereas there is slower proliferation in muscles,
cartilage, and bones where cell turnover is limited.
Mitosis - ANSWER-a duplication process, a parent cell produces two genetically
identical daughter cells. This takes place anywhere in the body to keep tissues and
organs functional.
Mitosis occurs to develop normal tissues or to replace lost or damaged normal tissue
Meiosis - ANSWER-when a parent cell generates daughter cells that have different
purposes.
Only cells that will become eggs and sperm are capable of meiosis
,Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis - ANSWER-Mitosis is for growth and
maintenance of normal cells whereas Meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction.
Replication - ANSWER-Functions at the rate that cells die.
Cellular division: how it works and what happens when things go wrong - ANSWER-
Cellular division has molecular stop and go signals that indicate the need to go when a
wound occurs and stop when the wound has healed. There are cases where the stop or
go are ignored which leads to uncontrolled growth and the development of neoplasms.
It typically requires multiple incorrect signals for neoplasia to develop and these signals
must be compounded over time for healthy cells to become malignant
Apoptosis - ANSWER-The removal of abnormal cells through cell death pathways.
What occurs at the junction of each phase of the cell cycle? - ANSWER-At the junction
of each phase there are surveillance checkpoints to ensure that no damaged DNA has
been passed. Abnormal cells are corrected or removed through cell death pathways
known as Apoptosis
Neoplastic tumor cell division VS normal cell division - ANSWER-The proportion of cells
in a tumor that are in active cell division is much higher than normal cells which results
in the increase of cells and the formation of a tumor
Benign Characteristics - ANSWER-1) Usually Encapsulated
2) Normally Differentiated
3) Metastasis Absent
4) Rarely Recurrent
5) Slightly Vascular
6) Expansive Mode of Growth
7) Fairly Normal Characteristics/Similar to Parent Cells
Malignant Characteristics - ANSWER-1) Rarely Encapsulated
2) Differentiate Poorly
3) Capable of Metastasis
4) Possible Recurrence
5) Moderate to Marked Vascularity
6) Infiltrative and Expansive Mode of Growth
7) Cell Characteristics are Abnormal/Unlike Parent Cells
Benign Neoplasm - ANSWER-Tend to retain most of the characteristics of the parent
cells but represent groups of abnormal cells with excessive growth.
Metastasis= the spread of cells from one location to another outside their site or origin.
Benign neoplastic cells are capable of mitosis but not metastasis.
Health Concerns of Benign Neoplasm - ANSWER-Although benign tumors do not
invade adjacent tissue they can result in significant health consequences.
, Some health issues would be that a tumor can obstruct or press on a structure causing
pain, physiological dysfunction, and even death.
An example of benign tumors causing health problems would be a benign brain tumor
that compresses brain structures that leads to neurologic symptoms and dysfunction.
Other benign tumors like lipomas can have more psychosocial effects when they have
an outwardly visible appearance
Malignant Neoplasm - ANSWER-Characterized by cells with abnormal growth patterns,
multiple abnormal functions, and ability to metastasize (infect) local or distant sites.
Cancer is essentially when cells divide rapidly and begin to deviate from parent cells.
(can spread/metastasis and grow rapidly and can affect other organs).
Angiogenesis - ANSWER-Cells (typically cancer cells) that have their own nucleus and
blood supply and nutrients. Cell can continue to grow without depending on the body
Metastatic Cancer - ANSWER-when cancer cells spread to other organs/locations, ex:
the cancer began in the lungs but spread to the brain (the patient isn't diagnosed with
brain cancer, instead it would be lung cancer that metastasizes to the brain).
8 Hallmarks - ANSWER-1)Sustaining proliferative growth signals
2)Evading growth suppressors
3)Resisting cell death
4)Avoiding immune destruction
5)Enabling replicative immortality
6)Inducing angiogenesis
7)Activating invasion and metastases
8)Deregulating cellular energetics
8 Hallmarks, Targeting Agent/Treatment: Sustaining proliferative growth signals -
ANSWER-Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
8 Hallmarks, Targeting Agent/Treatment :Evading growth suppressors - ANSWER-
Epidermal growth factor inhibitors
8 Hallmarks, Targeting Agent/Treatment: Resisting cell death - ANSWER-Programmed
death receptor blocking antibodies
8 Hallmarks, Targeting Agent/Treatment: Avoiding immune destruction - ANSWER-
Immune activators of cytotoxic T cells
8 Hallmarks, Targeting Agent/Treatment: Enabling replicative immortality - ANSWER-
Telomerase inhibitors
8 Hallmarks, Targeting Agent/Treatment: Inducing angiogenesis - ANSWER-Inhibitors
of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling
Cellular Regulation
Cellular regulation - ANSWER-all the functions carried out within a cell to maintain
homeostasis including responses to extracellular signals (like hormones, cytokines, and
neurotransmitters) and mechanisms by which intracellular signals are produced. This
also includes cellular replication and growth.
Proliferation - ANSWER-the production of new cells through cell growth and division
Differentiation - ANSWER-the acquisition of a specific cell function, a normal process by
which a less specialized cell becomes more specialized.
Neoplasia - ANSWER-an abnormal and progressive multiplication of cells that leads to
the formation of a tumor or neoplasm. Interrelated concept-Differentiation.
Neoplasm - ANSWER-an abnormal tissue growth that is uncontrolled and progressive.
Is categorized as either benign or malignant (cancerous).
Fixed errors - ANSWER-irreparable errors that lead to permanent abnormal changes
that affect biophysical health, psychosocial health, and the functional status of an
individual.
Dysplasia - ANSWER-describes morphologically abnormal cells that have a high risk of
becoming malignant
Proliferation rate: Provide examples of slow and rapid - ANSWER-The rate of
proliferation varies according to the needs of the tissue for example there is rapid
proliferation in areas where cellular turnover is high like the bone marrow and the
epithelium that lines the GI tract whereas there is slower proliferation in muscles,
cartilage, and bones where cell turnover is limited.
Mitosis - ANSWER-a duplication process, a parent cell produces two genetically
identical daughter cells. This takes place anywhere in the body to keep tissues and
organs functional.
Mitosis occurs to develop normal tissues or to replace lost or damaged normal tissue
Meiosis - ANSWER-when a parent cell generates daughter cells that have different
purposes.
Only cells that will become eggs and sperm are capable of meiosis
,Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis - ANSWER-Mitosis is for growth and
maintenance of normal cells whereas Meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction.
Replication - ANSWER-Functions at the rate that cells die.
Cellular division: how it works and what happens when things go wrong - ANSWER-
Cellular division has molecular stop and go signals that indicate the need to go when a
wound occurs and stop when the wound has healed. There are cases where the stop or
go are ignored which leads to uncontrolled growth and the development of neoplasms.
It typically requires multiple incorrect signals for neoplasia to develop and these signals
must be compounded over time for healthy cells to become malignant
Apoptosis - ANSWER-The removal of abnormal cells through cell death pathways.
What occurs at the junction of each phase of the cell cycle? - ANSWER-At the junction
of each phase there are surveillance checkpoints to ensure that no damaged DNA has
been passed. Abnormal cells are corrected or removed through cell death pathways
known as Apoptosis
Neoplastic tumor cell division VS normal cell division - ANSWER-The proportion of cells
in a tumor that are in active cell division is much higher than normal cells which results
in the increase of cells and the formation of a tumor
Benign Characteristics - ANSWER-1) Usually Encapsulated
2) Normally Differentiated
3) Metastasis Absent
4) Rarely Recurrent
5) Slightly Vascular
6) Expansive Mode of Growth
7) Fairly Normal Characteristics/Similar to Parent Cells
Malignant Characteristics - ANSWER-1) Rarely Encapsulated
2) Differentiate Poorly
3) Capable of Metastasis
4) Possible Recurrence
5) Moderate to Marked Vascularity
6) Infiltrative and Expansive Mode of Growth
7) Cell Characteristics are Abnormal/Unlike Parent Cells
Benign Neoplasm - ANSWER-Tend to retain most of the characteristics of the parent
cells but represent groups of abnormal cells with excessive growth.
Metastasis= the spread of cells from one location to another outside their site or origin.
Benign neoplastic cells are capable of mitosis but not metastasis.
Health Concerns of Benign Neoplasm - ANSWER-Although benign tumors do not
invade adjacent tissue they can result in significant health consequences.
, Some health issues would be that a tumor can obstruct or press on a structure causing
pain, physiological dysfunction, and even death.
An example of benign tumors causing health problems would be a benign brain tumor
that compresses brain structures that leads to neurologic symptoms and dysfunction.
Other benign tumors like lipomas can have more psychosocial effects when they have
an outwardly visible appearance
Malignant Neoplasm - ANSWER-Characterized by cells with abnormal growth patterns,
multiple abnormal functions, and ability to metastasize (infect) local or distant sites.
Cancer is essentially when cells divide rapidly and begin to deviate from parent cells.
(can spread/metastasis and grow rapidly and can affect other organs).
Angiogenesis - ANSWER-Cells (typically cancer cells) that have their own nucleus and
blood supply and nutrients. Cell can continue to grow without depending on the body
Metastatic Cancer - ANSWER-when cancer cells spread to other organs/locations, ex:
the cancer began in the lungs but spread to the brain (the patient isn't diagnosed with
brain cancer, instead it would be lung cancer that metastasizes to the brain).
8 Hallmarks - ANSWER-1)Sustaining proliferative growth signals
2)Evading growth suppressors
3)Resisting cell death
4)Avoiding immune destruction
5)Enabling replicative immortality
6)Inducing angiogenesis
7)Activating invasion and metastases
8)Deregulating cellular energetics
8 Hallmarks, Targeting Agent/Treatment: Sustaining proliferative growth signals -
ANSWER-Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
8 Hallmarks, Targeting Agent/Treatment :Evading growth suppressors - ANSWER-
Epidermal growth factor inhibitors
8 Hallmarks, Targeting Agent/Treatment: Resisting cell death - ANSWER-Programmed
death receptor blocking antibodies
8 Hallmarks, Targeting Agent/Treatment: Avoiding immune destruction - ANSWER-
Immune activators of cytotoxic T cells
8 Hallmarks, Targeting Agent/Treatment: Enabling replicative immortality - ANSWER-
Telomerase inhibitors
8 Hallmarks, Targeting Agent/Treatment: Inducing angiogenesis - ANSWER-Inhibitors
of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling
