IVYTECH APHY 102 UPDATED EXAMS SCRIPT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Type A - ✔✔Contains A antigens on cell surface and anti-B antibodies in plasma
✔✔Type B - ✔✔Contains B antigens on cell surface and anti-A antibodies in plasma
✔✔Type AB - ✔✔Contains both A and B antigens on cell surface and no antibodies in
plasma
✔✔Type O - ✔✔Contains no antigens on cell surface and has both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies in plasma (universal donor)
✔✔Type A can give to - ✔✔Either Type A or Type AB
✔✔Type A can receive from - ✔✔Either Type A or Type O
✔✔Type B can give to - ✔✔Either Type B or Type AB
✔✔Type B can receive from - ✔✔Either Type B or Type O
✔✔Type AB can give to - ✔✔only AB
, ✔✔Type AB can receive from - ✔✔A, B, AB, O
✔✔Type O can give to - ✔✔A, B, AB, O
✔✔Type O can receive from - ✔✔only O
✔✔How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? - ✔✔Rh positive -
presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-
positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her
antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
✔✔What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? - ✔✔Distribution of nutrients,
oxygen, wastes, hormones, electorlytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies, fluid,
electrolyte, and acid- base balance
✔✔Where is the heart found? - ✔✔The heart lies in the thoracic cavity. It is posterior to
the sternum, medial to the lungs, anterior to the vertebral column, and lies just above
the diaphragm and beneath the 2nd rib with the apex of the heart at the 5th intercostal
space.
✔✔Describe the layers of the heart wall - ✔✔Epicardium- outer layer; protects the heart
by reducing friction. A serious membrane that consists of connective tissue covered by
epithelium, and it includes capillaries and nerve fibers.
Myocardium- middle layer; thick and consists largely of the cardiac muscle tissue that
pumps blood out of the heart chambers.
Endocardium- inner layer; epithelium and underlying connective tissue. Forms a
protective inner lining of the chambers and valves.
✔✔Describe the pathway of blood into, through, and out of the heart -
✔✔Superior/inferior venae cavae
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Lungs
Blood is oxygenated and returned to heart
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral(bicuspid) valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Type A - ✔✔Contains A antigens on cell surface and anti-B antibodies in plasma
✔✔Type B - ✔✔Contains B antigens on cell surface and anti-A antibodies in plasma
✔✔Type AB - ✔✔Contains both A and B antigens on cell surface and no antibodies in
plasma
✔✔Type O - ✔✔Contains no antigens on cell surface and has both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies in plasma (universal donor)
✔✔Type A can give to - ✔✔Either Type A or Type AB
✔✔Type A can receive from - ✔✔Either Type A or Type O
✔✔Type B can give to - ✔✔Either Type B or Type AB
✔✔Type B can receive from - ✔✔Either Type B or Type O
✔✔Type AB can give to - ✔✔only AB
, ✔✔Type AB can receive from - ✔✔A, B, AB, O
✔✔Type O can give to - ✔✔A, B, AB, O
✔✔Type O can receive from - ✔✔only O
✔✔How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? - ✔✔Rh positive -
presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-
positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her
antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
✔✔What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? - ✔✔Distribution of nutrients,
oxygen, wastes, hormones, electorlytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies, fluid,
electrolyte, and acid- base balance
✔✔Where is the heart found? - ✔✔The heart lies in the thoracic cavity. It is posterior to
the sternum, medial to the lungs, anterior to the vertebral column, and lies just above
the diaphragm and beneath the 2nd rib with the apex of the heart at the 5th intercostal
space.
✔✔Describe the layers of the heart wall - ✔✔Epicardium- outer layer; protects the heart
by reducing friction. A serious membrane that consists of connective tissue covered by
epithelium, and it includes capillaries and nerve fibers.
Myocardium- middle layer; thick and consists largely of the cardiac muscle tissue that
pumps blood out of the heart chambers.
Endocardium- inner layer; epithelium and underlying connective tissue. Forms a
protective inner lining of the chambers and valves.
✔✔Describe the pathway of blood into, through, and out of the heart -
✔✔Superior/inferior venae cavae
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Lungs
Blood is oxygenated and returned to heart
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral(bicuspid) valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
