IVYTECH APHY 102 COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
What is a hormone and how does it act? - ✔✔Hormones are chemical messengers that
are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has
specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for
that particular hormone.
✔✔What is a paracrine gland? - ✔✔a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects
only neighboring cells
✔✔What is an autocrine gland? - ✔✔A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
✔✔What is an endocrine gland? - ✔✔A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone)
into the bloodstream and act on target cells
✔✔What is an exocrine gland? - ✔✔A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a
body surface.
✔✔Where is the thymus located? - ✔✔mediastinum; behind the sternum
✔✔Where is the pineal gland located? - ✔✔center of brain
, ✔✔Where are the reproductive organs located? - ✔✔abdomen; pelvic
✔✔Where is the pituitary gland located? - ✔✔sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base
of the brain
✔✔Where are the adrenal glands located? - ✔✔on top of each kidney
✔✔Where is the pancreas located? - ✔✔posterior to the stomach
✔✔What are the two steroid hormones? - ✔✔Sex hormones and adrenal cortex
hormones; estrogen and testosterone
✔✔Describe steroid hormones - ✔✔-diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or
nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
✔✔Describe non-steroid hormones. - ✔✔Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins.
The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid carries hormone
to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell,
activating G protein. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
✔✔How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary gland? -
✔✔The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting
hormones for the body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed.
Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning
as a repository for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages
from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior
pituitary
✔✔What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - ✔✔Hypothalamus
✔✔Describe tropic hormones - ✔✔stimulate other endocrine glands to release
hormones
✔✔anterior pituitary hormones - ✔✔ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of
certain hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in ovaries and
stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
What is a hormone and how does it act? - ✔✔Hormones are chemical messengers that
are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has
specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for
that particular hormone.
✔✔What is a paracrine gland? - ✔✔a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects
only neighboring cells
✔✔What is an autocrine gland? - ✔✔A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
✔✔What is an endocrine gland? - ✔✔A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone)
into the bloodstream and act on target cells
✔✔What is an exocrine gland? - ✔✔A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a
body surface.
✔✔Where is the thymus located? - ✔✔mediastinum; behind the sternum
✔✔Where is the pineal gland located? - ✔✔center of brain
, ✔✔Where are the reproductive organs located? - ✔✔abdomen; pelvic
✔✔Where is the pituitary gland located? - ✔✔sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base
of the brain
✔✔Where are the adrenal glands located? - ✔✔on top of each kidney
✔✔Where is the pancreas located? - ✔✔posterior to the stomach
✔✔What are the two steroid hormones? - ✔✔Sex hormones and adrenal cortex
hormones; estrogen and testosterone
✔✔Describe steroid hormones - ✔✔-diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or
nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
✔✔Describe non-steroid hormones. - ✔✔Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins.
The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid carries hormone
to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell,
activating G protein. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
✔✔How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary gland? -
✔✔The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting
hormones for the body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed.
Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning
as a repository for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages
from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior
pituitary
✔✔What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - ✔✔Hypothalamus
✔✔Describe tropic hormones - ✔✔stimulate other endocrine glands to release
hormones
✔✔anterior pituitary hormones - ✔✔ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of
certain hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in ovaries and
stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
