APHON CHEMO CORE MAIN EXAMS ALL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔immunotherapy - ✔✔biologic therapy that activates, modulates, or restores the
patient's immune system in order to control the cancer
✔✔molecular targeted therapy - ✔✔biologic therapy that act directly on a cancer cell to
exert effect on a specific pathway or function that the cancer cell depends on for growth,
division, or spread
✔✔grade x - ✔✔grade of the tumor cannot be assessed
✔✔grade 1 - ✔✔well-differentiated; looks identical to the organ or structure of origin
✔✔grade 2 - ✔✔moderately differentiated
✔✔grade 3 - ✔✔poorly differentiated; bears little resemblance to the organ or structure
of origin
✔✔grade 4 - ✔✔undifferentiated; no resemblance between the organ or structure of
origin and the tumor
, ✔✔minimal residual disease - ✔✔for patients with acute leukemia, the most significant
measure of response to therapy
✔✔respect for persons - ✔✔participants should be treated as autonomous
✔✔benefience - ✔✔researchers have an obligation to do no harm
✔✔justice - ✔✔the burdens and benefits of research should be equally distributed
✔✔the common rule - ✔✔takes ethical principles and puts them into law
✔✔equality of participants - ✔✔which of these is not an ethical principle of the Belmont
Report
✔✔blood cell development - ✔✔first begins with the hematopoietic stem cell
✔✔phase 1 clinical trial - ✔✔determines the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and
identifies the dose limiting toxicities; intent is not curative
✔✔phase 2 clinical trial - ✔✔attempts to find if a specific agent or combination is
effective against a specific disease; intent is not curative
✔✔phase 3 clinical trial - ✔✔attempts to determine if the new treatment is more
effective than the current standard treatment (may include randomization); requires a
large number of patients in a controlled study; examines toxicity, survival, and quality of
life
✔✔phase 4 clinical trial - ✔✔performed after the medication is commercially available;
looks at the general population; goal is curative; very rarely used in pediatric oncology;
can examine drug to drug interactions, long term effects, and cost effectiveness
✔✔FDA - ✔✔a group that reviews medications, biologics, and mechanical devices for
safety for a clinical trial
✔✔OHRP - ✔✔a group that is responsible for developing, educating, monitoring, and
providing oversight for the protection of human subjects involved in research
✔✔cell cycle specific agents - ✔✔agents that exert an effect during a specific phase of
the cell cycle; promote cancer cell death during the active phases of the cell cycle, most
often the S and M phases
✔✔cell cycle nonspecific agents - ✔✔agents that act against cancer cells during all
phases of the cell cycle
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔immunotherapy - ✔✔biologic therapy that activates, modulates, or restores the
patient's immune system in order to control the cancer
✔✔molecular targeted therapy - ✔✔biologic therapy that act directly on a cancer cell to
exert effect on a specific pathway or function that the cancer cell depends on for growth,
division, or spread
✔✔grade x - ✔✔grade of the tumor cannot be assessed
✔✔grade 1 - ✔✔well-differentiated; looks identical to the organ or structure of origin
✔✔grade 2 - ✔✔moderately differentiated
✔✔grade 3 - ✔✔poorly differentiated; bears little resemblance to the organ or structure
of origin
✔✔grade 4 - ✔✔undifferentiated; no resemblance between the organ or structure of
origin and the tumor
, ✔✔minimal residual disease - ✔✔for patients with acute leukemia, the most significant
measure of response to therapy
✔✔respect for persons - ✔✔participants should be treated as autonomous
✔✔benefience - ✔✔researchers have an obligation to do no harm
✔✔justice - ✔✔the burdens and benefits of research should be equally distributed
✔✔the common rule - ✔✔takes ethical principles and puts them into law
✔✔equality of participants - ✔✔which of these is not an ethical principle of the Belmont
Report
✔✔blood cell development - ✔✔first begins with the hematopoietic stem cell
✔✔phase 1 clinical trial - ✔✔determines the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and
identifies the dose limiting toxicities; intent is not curative
✔✔phase 2 clinical trial - ✔✔attempts to find if a specific agent or combination is
effective against a specific disease; intent is not curative
✔✔phase 3 clinical trial - ✔✔attempts to determine if the new treatment is more
effective than the current standard treatment (may include randomization); requires a
large number of patients in a controlled study; examines toxicity, survival, and quality of
life
✔✔phase 4 clinical trial - ✔✔performed after the medication is commercially available;
looks at the general population; goal is curative; very rarely used in pediatric oncology;
can examine drug to drug interactions, long term effects, and cost effectiveness
✔✔FDA - ✔✔a group that reviews medications, biologics, and mechanical devices for
safety for a clinical trial
✔✔OHRP - ✔✔a group that is responsible for developing, educating, monitoring, and
providing oversight for the protection of human subjects involved in research
✔✔cell cycle specific agents - ✔✔agents that exert an effect during a specific phase of
the cell cycle; promote cancer cell death during the active phases of the cell cycle, most
often the S and M phases
✔✔cell cycle nonspecific agents - ✔✔agents that act against cancer cells during all
phases of the cell cycle
