SINCLAIR BIO 1107 EXAM 1 | COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026/2027
Anatomy - ANS ✔✔The study of the structure and shape of the body and it's parts, and their
relationship to one another
Physiology - ANS ✔✔The study of how the body and it's parts work or function
Levels of Structural Organization - ANS ✔✔From smallest to largest:
Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms.
Cells - ANS ✔✔Smallest unit of life. Has a specific function.
Tissues - ANS ✔✔A group of cells with similar functions.
Organ - ANS ✔✔A structure with two or more tissue types that performs a complex function.
Organ System - ANS ✔✔Multiple organs working together to accomplish a common purpose.
Organism - ANS ✔✔A living individual
Necessary Life Functions - ANS ✔✔Maintain Boundaries (preserve internal environment),
Movement (both internal and external), Responsiveness/Irritability (ability to detect and adjust
to stimuli), Digestion (nutrients), Metabolism (energy and ATP), Excretion (rid body of waste),
Reproduction (at cellular and organism levels), Growth (increase number of cells, leads to
increase in size of organs and organism).
, Survival Needs - ANS ✔✔Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Temp Regulation at 37*C, Stable
Atmospheric Pressure.
Homeostasis - ANS ✔✔Maintaining stable internal conditions
e.g. heart rate, acid-base content, temperature
Receptor - ANS ✔✔Organ that senses stimulus and sends information to Control Center organ.
Receptor is usually brain or spinal cord.
Control Center - ANS ✔✔Decision maker; tells effector organ how to adjust to the stimulus.
Effector - ANS ✔✔Organ that carries out solution to maintain homeostatic conditions within the
body.
Negative Feedback - ANS ✔✔Used to maintain homeostasis in the body. Reduces or eliminates
stimulus and/or its effect on the body.
Positive Feedback - ANS ✔✔Enhances the stimulus and/or it's effect on the body. Does NOT
help to maintain homeostasis.
Anatomical Position - ANS ✔✔Standing upright, feet together, palms facing forward.
Superior - ANS ✔✔Above
Inferior - ANS ✔✔Below
Anterior - ANS ✔✔Front; in front of... Synonym: Ventral
ANSWERS 2026/2027
Anatomy - ANS ✔✔The study of the structure and shape of the body and it's parts, and their
relationship to one another
Physiology - ANS ✔✔The study of how the body and it's parts work or function
Levels of Structural Organization - ANS ✔✔From smallest to largest:
Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms.
Cells - ANS ✔✔Smallest unit of life. Has a specific function.
Tissues - ANS ✔✔A group of cells with similar functions.
Organ - ANS ✔✔A structure with two or more tissue types that performs a complex function.
Organ System - ANS ✔✔Multiple organs working together to accomplish a common purpose.
Organism - ANS ✔✔A living individual
Necessary Life Functions - ANS ✔✔Maintain Boundaries (preserve internal environment),
Movement (both internal and external), Responsiveness/Irritability (ability to detect and adjust
to stimuli), Digestion (nutrients), Metabolism (energy and ATP), Excretion (rid body of waste),
Reproduction (at cellular and organism levels), Growth (increase number of cells, leads to
increase in size of organs and organism).
, Survival Needs - ANS ✔✔Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Temp Regulation at 37*C, Stable
Atmospheric Pressure.
Homeostasis - ANS ✔✔Maintaining stable internal conditions
e.g. heart rate, acid-base content, temperature
Receptor - ANS ✔✔Organ that senses stimulus and sends information to Control Center organ.
Receptor is usually brain or spinal cord.
Control Center - ANS ✔✔Decision maker; tells effector organ how to adjust to the stimulus.
Effector - ANS ✔✔Organ that carries out solution to maintain homeostatic conditions within the
body.
Negative Feedback - ANS ✔✔Used to maintain homeostasis in the body. Reduces or eliminates
stimulus and/or its effect on the body.
Positive Feedback - ANS ✔✔Enhances the stimulus and/or it's effect on the body. Does NOT
help to maintain homeostasis.
Anatomical Position - ANS ✔✔Standing upright, feet together, palms facing forward.
Superior - ANS ✔✔Above
Inferior - ANS ✔✔Below
Anterior - ANS ✔✔Front; in front of... Synonym: Ventral
