Pathophysiology - Exam 1 Final Exam Review
Questions with 100% Correct Answers |
2026 Updated & Verified
D
O
N
O
How do cells adapt to persistent stress? - ANSWER-Change in
T
size, number and type without affecting the function.
C
Define Atrophy - ANSWER-Decrease in cell size to reduce oxygen
O
consumption and other cellular functions.
PY
What causes Atrophy? - ANSWER-- Disuse
- Denervation
-Endocrine hypofunction
- Inadequate nutrition
- Ischemia
,What is Ischemia? - ANSWER-Restriction in blood supply to
tissues causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for
cellular metabolism.
Define Hypertrophy - ANSWER-Increase in cell size to meet the
increase cellular demands.
D
O
*these cells cannot adapt through mitotic cell division
N
What causes Hypertrophy? - ANSWER-1. Physiologic - an ↑ in
O
muscle mass associated with exercise.
T
C
2. Abnormal Pathologic: (A) Adaptive & (B) Compensatory
O
A. Adaptive - thickening of the urinary bladder from long term
obstruction
PY
B. Compnesatory - enlargement of remaining organ or tissue
after portion surgically removed
What is Hyperplasia? - ANSWER-Increase in number of cells in an
organ or tissue that are capable of mitotic cell division. (Ex:
epidermis, intestinal epithelium, glandular tissue)
What causes Hyperplasia? - ANSWER-1. Physiologic: (A) Hormonal
,& (B) Compensatory
(A) Breast & uterine enlargement during pregnancy resulting from
estrogen stimulation.
(B) Regeneration of liver after partial hepatectomy, tip of finger
2. Pathologic - most are due to excessive hormonal stimulation
Ex: Hyperthyroidism, skin warts, endometrial hyperplasia
D
O
Regeneration of connective tissue in which fibroblasts and blood
N
vessels help repair a wound is an example of which cellular
adaption? - ANSWER-Hyperplasia
O
Physiologic, compensatory
T
C
Define Metaplasia - ANSWER-Reversible replacement of one cell
O
type by another adult cell type in response to chronic irritation
and inflammation.
PY
Define Dysplasia - ANSWER-Deranged cell growth that results in
cells that vary in size, shape, & organization.
Which cellular adaptation has the strongest implications as a
precursor to cancer? - ANSWER-Dysplasia
, What is Senescence? - ANSWER-The process of deterioration,
following the period of development. Also known as aging.
What are most common causes of Cell Injury? - ANSWER-1.
Physical agents
2. Radiation
3. Chemical
D
4. Biologic agents
O
5. Nutritional imbalances
N
O
What are the 3 physical agents that cause cell injury? - ANSWER-
1. Mechanical forces - body impact with another object
T
2. Extreme temperatures - heat stroke/hypothermia
C
3. Electrical forces - lightening, high voltage wire
O
PY
What are the three biggest concerns for chemical causes of cell
injury? - ANSWER-1. Drugs
2. Lead toxicity
3. Magnesium toxicity
How does LEAD enter the body? - ANSWER-Through the G.I. tract
or the lungs (ingested or inhaled) and is absorbed directly into the
blood.
Questions with 100% Correct Answers |
2026 Updated & Verified
D
O
N
O
How do cells adapt to persistent stress? - ANSWER-Change in
T
size, number and type without affecting the function.
C
Define Atrophy - ANSWER-Decrease in cell size to reduce oxygen
O
consumption and other cellular functions.
PY
What causes Atrophy? - ANSWER-- Disuse
- Denervation
-Endocrine hypofunction
- Inadequate nutrition
- Ischemia
,What is Ischemia? - ANSWER-Restriction in blood supply to
tissues causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for
cellular metabolism.
Define Hypertrophy - ANSWER-Increase in cell size to meet the
increase cellular demands.
D
O
*these cells cannot adapt through mitotic cell division
N
What causes Hypertrophy? - ANSWER-1. Physiologic - an ↑ in
O
muscle mass associated with exercise.
T
C
2. Abnormal Pathologic: (A) Adaptive & (B) Compensatory
O
A. Adaptive - thickening of the urinary bladder from long term
obstruction
PY
B. Compnesatory - enlargement of remaining organ or tissue
after portion surgically removed
What is Hyperplasia? - ANSWER-Increase in number of cells in an
organ or tissue that are capable of mitotic cell division. (Ex:
epidermis, intestinal epithelium, glandular tissue)
What causes Hyperplasia? - ANSWER-1. Physiologic: (A) Hormonal
,& (B) Compensatory
(A) Breast & uterine enlargement during pregnancy resulting from
estrogen stimulation.
(B) Regeneration of liver after partial hepatectomy, tip of finger
2. Pathologic - most are due to excessive hormonal stimulation
Ex: Hyperthyroidism, skin warts, endometrial hyperplasia
D
O
Regeneration of connective tissue in which fibroblasts and blood
N
vessels help repair a wound is an example of which cellular
adaption? - ANSWER-Hyperplasia
O
Physiologic, compensatory
T
C
Define Metaplasia - ANSWER-Reversible replacement of one cell
O
type by another adult cell type in response to chronic irritation
and inflammation.
PY
Define Dysplasia - ANSWER-Deranged cell growth that results in
cells that vary in size, shape, & organization.
Which cellular adaptation has the strongest implications as a
precursor to cancer? - ANSWER-Dysplasia
, What is Senescence? - ANSWER-The process of deterioration,
following the period of development. Also known as aging.
What are most common causes of Cell Injury? - ANSWER-1.
Physical agents
2. Radiation
3. Chemical
D
4. Biologic agents
O
5. Nutritional imbalances
N
O
What are the 3 physical agents that cause cell injury? - ANSWER-
1. Mechanical forces - body impact with another object
T
2. Extreme temperatures - heat stroke/hypothermia
C
3. Electrical forces - lightening, high voltage wire
O
PY
What are the three biggest concerns for chemical causes of cell
injury? - ANSWER-1. Drugs
2. Lead toxicity
3. Magnesium toxicity
How does LEAD enter the body? - ANSWER-Through the G.I. tract
or the lungs (ingested or inhaled) and is absorbed directly into the
blood.
