NUR 612 LEARNING OBJECTIVES FLASHCARDS TEST #2
PART ONE |COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
ACCURATE QUESTIONS &ANSWERS. EXCELLENCE
GUARANTEED.
colonization Answer: when microorganisms are present and multiplying on body surfaces
without causing tissue injury or symptoms
ex: staphylococcus epidermidis on skin; e. coli in the colon
when can colonization become problematic? Answer: - host defenses weaken
- organisms enter sterile areas
- broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt normal flora
infection Answer: occurs when microorganisms invade tissues, evade host defenses, multiply,
and cause cellular injury or inflammation
infection requires both _____ and ______ Answer: microbial invasion & host tissue response
host Answer: a living organism that provides nourishment and an environment for another
organism
definitive host Answer: organisms where parasite reaches maturity
intermediate host Answer: organism involved in immature stages
pathogen Answer: a microorganism capable of causing disease
pathogenicity Answer: refers to the organism's ability to cause disease (yes or no)
virulence Answer: describes the severity or harmfulness of a pathogen (how extensively can it
cause harm?)
virulence factors Answer: - toxin production
- capsule formation
- ability to evade phagocytosis
- adhesion molecules
- biofilm formation
opportunistic infection Answer: infections caused by organisms that usually do not produce
disease in healthy individuals but become pathogenic when host defenses are impaired
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
,who are opportunistic infections common in? Answer: - HIV/AIDS
- chemotherapy
- organ transplantation
- diabetes
- elderly patients
examples of opportunistic infections Answer: - Candida albicans
- pneumocystitis jirovecii
mutualism Answer: both organisms benefit
ex: gut bacteria synthesize vitamin K while receiving nutrients
commensalism Answer: one organisms benefits while the host is unaffected
ex: skin flora consuming secretions without harming host
parasitism Answer: one organism benefits while harming the host; produce tissue injury and
disease
ex: tapeworms, malaria parasites
viruses Answer: - smallest infectious agents
- contain DNA or RNA
- require host cells for replication
- INTRAcellular parasites
viral pathogenesis Answer: 1. attach to host receptors
2. enter host cells
3. replicate using host machinery
4. cause cell lysis or dysfunction
effects of viruses Answer: - cell death
- immune-mediated injury
- latency
- transformation/cancer
bacteria Answer: single-celled prokaryotic (lack a nucleus, their genetic material floats freely)
organisms
structures of bacteria Answer: - cell wall
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, - ribosomes
- DNA
- some possess capsules or flagella
classification of antibiotics Answer: - gram positive
- gram negative
- aerobic/anaerobic
gram positive bacteria Answer: - thick cell wall
- stain purple
- release EXOtoxins
- generally more susceptible to abx
gram negative bacteria Answer: - thin cell wall
- stain pink
- release ENDOtoxins
- generally more resistant due to the outer membrane blocking many drugs
bacteria mechanism of disease Answer: - exotoxins
- endotoxins
- invasion
- inflammation
fungi Answer: eukaryotic organisms (contain membrane bound nucleus) such as yeasts, molds
- often opportunistic
where are fungal infections most common in? Answer: - immunocompromised hosts
- moist environments (such as between skin folds)
protozoa Answer: single-celled eukaryotic parasites
examples of protozoa Answer: - plasmodium
- giardia
how are protozoa transmitted? Answer: - vectors
- water contamination
helminths Answer: multicellular parasitic worms
examples of helminths Answer: - roundworms
3
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
PART ONE |COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
ACCURATE QUESTIONS &ANSWERS. EXCELLENCE
GUARANTEED.
colonization Answer: when microorganisms are present and multiplying on body surfaces
without causing tissue injury or symptoms
ex: staphylococcus epidermidis on skin; e. coli in the colon
when can colonization become problematic? Answer: - host defenses weaken
- organisms enter sterile areas
- broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt normal flora
infection Answer: occurs when microorganisms invade tissues, evade host defenses, multiply,
and cause cellular injury or inflammation
infection requires both _____ and ______ Answer: microbial invasion & host tissue response
host Answer: a living organism that provides nourishment and an environment for another
organism
definitive host Answer: organisms where parasite reaches maturity
intermediate host Answer: organism involved in immature stages
pathogen Answer: a microorganism capable of causing disease
pathogenicity Answer: refers to the organism's ability to cause disease (yes or no)
virulence Answer: describes the severity or harmfulness of a pathogen (how extensively can it
cause harm?)
virulence factors Answer: - toxin production
- capsule formation
- ability to evade phagocytosis
- adhesion molecules
- biofilm formation
opportunistic infection Answer: infections caused by organisms that usually do not produce
disease in healthy individuals but become pathogenic when host defenses are impaired
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
,who are opportunistic infections common in? Answer: - HIV/AIDS
- chemotherapy
- organ transplantation
- diabetes
- elderly patients
examples of opportunistic infections Answer: - Candida albicans
- pneumocystitis jirovecii
mutualism Answer: both organisms benefit
ex: gut bacteria synthesize vitamin K while receiving nutrients
commensalism Answer: one organisms benefits while the host is unaffected
ex: skin flora consuming secretions without harming host
parasitism Answer: one organism benefits while harming the host; produce tissue injury and
disease
ex: tapeworms, malaria parasites
viruses Answer: - smallest infectious agents
- contain DNA or RNA
- require host cells for replication
- INTRAcellular parasites
viral pathogenesis Answer: 1. attach to host receptors
2. enter host cells
3. replicate using host machinery
4. cause cell lysis or dysfunction
effects of viruses Answer: - cell death
- immune-mediated injury
- latency
- transformation/cancer
bacteria Answer: single-celled prokaryotic (lack a nucleus, their genetic material floats freely)
organisms
structures of bacteria Answer: - cell wall
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, - ribosomes
- DNA
- some possess capsules or flagella
classification of antibiotics Answer: - gram positive
- gram negative
- aerobic/anaerobic
gram positive bacteria Answer: - thick cell wall
- stain purple
- release EXOtoxins
- generally more susceptible to abx
gram negative bacteria Answer: - thin cell wall
- stain pink
- release ENDOtoxins
- generally more resistant due to the outer membrane blocking many drugs
bacteria mechanism of disease Answer: - exotoxins
- endotoxins
- invasion
- inflammation
fungi Answer: eukaryotic organisms (contain membrane bound nucleus) such as yeasts, molds
- often opportunistic
where are fungal infections most common in? Answer: - immunocompromised hosts
- moist environments (such as between skin folds)
protozoa Answer: single-celled eukaryotic parasites
examples of protozoa Answer: - plasmodium
- giardia
how are protozoa transmitted? Answer: - vectors
- water contamination
helminths Answer: multicellular parasitic worms
examples of helminths Answer: - roundworms
3
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
