NUR 612 LEARNING OBJECTIVES FLASHCARDS TEST #2
PART TWO |COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
ACCURATE QUESTIONS &ANSWERS. EXCELLENCE
GUARANTEED.
Acute Inflammation Answer: the body's immediate protective response to injury or infection
goals of acute inflammation Answer: - eliminate harmful agents
- remove dead tissue
- initiate repair
Vasodilation is triggered by Answer: histamine + prostaglandins
Vasodilation causes: Answer: - increased blood flow
- redness (rubor)
- heat (calor)
Vascular permeability Answer: endothelial gaps allow plasma proteins and fluid into tissues
causes of vascular permeability Answer: - swelling (tumor)
- pain from pressure
exudate formation Answer: protein rich fluid containing:
- antibodies
- clotting proteins
- leukocytes
cellular events Answer: leukocytes MOVE to injured tissue
main early cell: neutrophil
later cell: macrophages
Leukocyte Migration Answer: Margination -> Adhesion -> Diapedesis -> Chemotaxis
Margination Answer: Leukocytes move toward vessel wall
Adhesion Answer: Leukocytes attach to endothelium using adhesion molecules
Diapedesis Answer: Cells squeeze through capillary walls
Chemotaxis Answer: Movement toward chemical signals at injury site
Phagocytosis Steps Answer: 1. Recognition/Attachment: enhanced by opsonization
1
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,2. Engulfment: microbe enclosed into phagosome
3. Killing/destruction: lysosomal enzymes and reactive oxygen species destroy pathogen
Major Inflammatory Mediators Answer: - Histamine
- Prostaglandins
- Leukotrienes
- Cytokines
- Bradykinin
- Complement
Histamine major effects Answer: vasodilation/permeability
- produces rapid vascular changes
What cells release histamine Answer: - mast cells
- basophils
- platelets
Prostaglandins major effects Answer: pain, fever
Leukotrienes major effects Answer: chemotaxis, bronchoconstriction
Cytokines major effects Answer: leukocyte activation; coordinate inflammatory responses
Bradykinin major effect Answer: pain
complement major effect Answer: opsonization/cell lysis
what are prostaglandins produced from? Answer: arachidonic acid metabolism
what do prostaglandins cause? Answer: - fever
- pain
- vasodilation
what group of medications inhibit prostaglandin synthesis? Answer: NSAIDs
Examples of major cytokines Answer: - IL-1
- TNF-a
- IL - 6
Acute Inflammation Characteristics Answer: - short duration
- neutrophils dominant
- usually resolves
2
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, - rapid onset
Chronic Inflammation Characteristics Answer: - long duration
- macrophages/lymphocytes dominant
- tissue destruction/fibrosis
- persistent injury
when does chronic inflammation occur Answer: - injury persists
- autoimmune disease present
- foreign bodies remain
results of chronic inflammation Answer: - fibrosis
- tissue destruction
- granuloma formation
examples of chronic inflammation Answer: - tuberculosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
Labile Cells Answer: - continuously divide & heal well
- examples: skin, GI epithelium, bone marrow
Stable Cells Answer: - normally resting but can regenerate
- examples: liver, kidney, pancreas
Permanent Cells Answer: - cannot regenerate significantly; healing occurs by scar formation
- examples: cardiac muscle, neurons
Stages of Wound Healing Answer: - Hemostasis
- Inflammatory phase
- Proliferative phase
- Remodeling phase
Hemostasis Answer: immediate vasoconstriction and clot formation
Inflammatory phase Answer: neutrophils and macrophages clean wound
Proliferative phase Answer: - fibroblasts produce collagen
processes:
- granulation tissue formation
- angiogenesis
3
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
PART TWO |COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
ACCURATE QUESTIONS &ANSWERS. EXCELLENCE
GUARANTEED.
Acute Inflammation Answer: the body's immediate protective response to injury or infection
goals of acute inflammation Answer: - eliminate harmful agents
- remove dead tissue
- initiate repair
Vasodilation is triggered by Answer: histamine + prostaglandins
Vasodilation causes: Answer: - increased blood flow
- redness (rubor)
- heat (calor)
Vascular permeability Answer: endothelial gaps allow plasma proteins and fluid into tissues
causes of vascular permeability Answer: - swelling (tumor)
- pain from pressure
exudate formation Answer: protein rich fluid containing:
- antibodies
- clotting proteins
- leukocytes
cellular events Answer: leukocytes MOVE to injured tissue
main early cell: neutrophil
later cell: macrophages
Leukocyte Migration Answer: Margination -> Adhesion -> Diapedesis -> Chemotaxis
Margination Answer: Leukocytes move toward vessel wall
Adhesion Answer: Leukocytes attach to endothelium using adhesion molecules
Diapedesis Answer: Cells squeeze through capillary walls
Chemotaxis Answer: Movement toward chemical signals at injury site
Phagocytosis Steps Answer: 1. Recognition/Attachment: enhanced by opsonization
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
,2. Engulfment: microbe enclosed into phagosome
3. Killing/destruction: lysosomal enzymes and reactive oxygen species destroy pathogen
Major Inflammatory Mediators Answer: - Histamine
- Prostaglandins
- Leukotrienes
- Cytokines
- Bradykinin
- Complement
Histamine major effects Answer: vasodilation/permeability
- produces rapid vascular changes
What cells release histamine Answer: - mast cells
- basophils
- platelets
Prostaglandins major effects Answer: pain, fever
Leukotrienes major effects Answer: chemotaxis, bronchoconstriction
Cytokines major effects Answer: leukocyte activation; coordinate inflammatory responses
Bradykinin major effect Answer: pain
complement major effect Answer: opsonization/cell lysis
what are prostaglandins produced from? Answer: arachidonic acid metabolism
what do prostaglandins cause? Answer: - fever
- pain
- vasodilation
what group of medications inhibit prostaglandin synthesis? Answer: NSAIDs
Examples of major cytokines Answer: - IL-1
- TNF-a
- IL - 6
Acute Inflammation Characteristics Answer: - short duration
- neutrophils dominant
- usually resolves
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, - rapid onset
Chronic Inflammation Characteristics Answer: - long duration
- macrophages/lymphocytes dominant
- tissue destruction/fibrosis
- persistent injury
when does chronic inflammation occur Answer: - injury persists
- autoimmune disease present
- foreign bodies remain
results of chronic inflammation Answer: - fibrosis
- tissue destruction
- granuloma formation
examples of chronic inflammation Answer: - tuberculosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
Labile Cells Answer: - continuously divide & heal well
- examples: skin, GI epithelium, bone marrow
Stable Cells Answer: - normally resting but can regenerate
- examples: liver, kidney, pancreas
Permanent Cells Answer: - cannot regenerate significantly; healing occurs by scar formation
- examples: cardiac muscle, neurons
Stages of Wound Healing Answer: - Hemostasis
- Inflammatory phase
- Proliferative phase
- Remodeling phase
Hemostasis Answer: immediate vasoconstriction and clot formation
Inflammatory phase Answer: neutrophils and macrophages clean wound
Proliferative phase Answer: - fibroblasts produce collagen
processes:
- granulation tissue formation
- angiogenesis
3
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
