WGU D236 Pathophysiology EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS <NEWEST
VERSION>
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?
How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema? -
ANSWER✔Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary
membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act to balance each other,
hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure
(including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause
water to leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute
the high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a
nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and enter
the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in increased
blood volume and increased blood pressure? - ANSWER✔A drop in blood
,pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete
renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to
Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral
arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Describe how your body responds to an infection. - ANSWER✔T cells produce
cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. -
ANSWER✔Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities
How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? -
ANSWER✔Alterations of DNA
Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. -
ANSWER✔(ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias.
Explain RAAS - ANSWER✔Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
> produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II >
vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water >
Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained.
DKA - ANSWER✔increased anion gap, decreased HCO3
,How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - ANSWER✔retain H and excrete
HCO3
Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? -
ANSWER✔Potassium
West Nile Virus - ANSWER✔Transmitted through the bite of an infected
mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck
Lyme disease - ANSWER✔Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia
burgdorferi.
Erythema infectiosum - ANSWER✔a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child
followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease"
What is the purpose of the Tonsils and Adenoid? - ANSWER✔These are
lymphoid organs that trap pathogens from the food we eat and the air we breathe.
They are our bodies first line of defense against any foreign invaders.
What are Peyer's Patches? - ANSWER✔These are small masses of lymphatic
tissues in the mucous membrane that line the small intestine.
These patches monitor and destroy bacteria in the intestines.
, What is Lymphedema? - ANSWER✔This is the swelling or accumulation of the
fluid due to a blockage in the lymphatic system caused by scar tissues from
damaged lymph vessels or lymph nodes.
Often seen in patients who had their lymph nodes removed, had surgery or
radiation to remove cancer.
What is the difference between Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Non Hodgkin's
Lymphoma? - ANSWER✔These are two types of cancer of the lymphatic system
that can block lymphatic ducts or be near lymph nodes and interfere with the flow
of lymph through the node.
Hodgkin's lymphoma where you see the presence of specific type of abnormal cell
called the Reed-Sternberg cell.
Whereas the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma where these abnormal cells are absent.
GERD cause - ANSWER✔failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to close
pancreatitis - ANSWER✔inflammation of the pancreas, can be cause by gallstone
blocks common bile duct
Chron's disease - ANSWER✔A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects
the lining of the digestive tract, chronic symptoms: diarrhea, sores, fistula, weight
loss
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - ANSWER✔rapid loss of renal function due to
damage to the kidneys; formerly called acute renal failure
GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS <NEWEST
VERSION>
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?
How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema? -
ANSWER✔Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary
membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act to balance each other,
hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure
(including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause
water to leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute
the high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a
nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and enter
the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in increased
blood volume and increased blood pressure? - ANSWER✔A drop in blood
,pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins to secrete
renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to
Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral
arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Describe how your body responds to an infection. - ANSWER✔T cells produce
cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. -
ANSWER✔Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities
How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? -
ANSWER✔Alterations of DNA
Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. -
ANSWER✔(ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias.
Explain RAAS - ANSWER✔Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
> produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II >
vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water >
Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained.
DKA - ANSWER✔increased anion gap, decreased HCO3
,How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - ANSWER✔retain H and excrete
HCO3
Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? -
ANSWER✔Potassium
West Nile Virus - ANSWER✔Transmitted through the bite of an infected
mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck
Lyme disease - ANSWER✔Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia
burgdorferi.
Erythema infectiosum - ANSWER✔a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child
followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease"
What is the purpose of the Tonsils and Adenoid? - ANSWER✔These are
lymphoid organs that trap pathogens from the food we eat and the air we breathe.
They are our bodies first line of defense against any foreign invaders.
What are Peyer's Patches? - ANSWER✔These are small masses of lymphatic
tissues in the mucous membrane that line the small intestine.
These patches monitor and destroy bacteria in the intestines.
, What is Lymphedema? - ANSWER✔This is the swelling or accumulation of the
fluid due to a blockage in the lymphatic system caused by scar tissues from
damaged lymph vessels or lymph nodes.
Often seen in patients who had their lymph nodes removed, had surgery or
radiation to remove cancer.
What is the difference between Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Non Hodgkin's
Lymphoma? - ANSWER✔These are two types of cancer of the lymphatic system
that can block lymphatic ducts or be near lymph nodes and interfere with the flow
of lymph through the node.
Hodgkin's lymphoma where you see the presence of specific type of abnormal cell
called the Reed-Sternberg cell.
Whereas the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma where these abnormal cells are absent.
GERD cause - ANSWER✔failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to close
pancreatitis - ANSWER✔inflammation of the pancreas, can be cause by gallstone
blocks common bile duct
Chron's disease - ANSWER✔A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects
the lining of the digestive tract, chronic symptoms: diarrhea, sores, fistula, weight
loss
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - ANSWER✔rapid loss of renal function due to
damage to the kidneys; formerly called acute renal failure
