Engels module 3 en 4
1 English Grammar and Communication Skills................................................................................................................2
1.1 Modal auxiliaries...................................................................................................................................................2
1.2 The noun................................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 The genitive...........................................................................................................................................................7
1.4 Adjectives..............................................................................................................................................................8
1.5 Adverbs................................................................................................................................................................10
1.6 Expressing quantity..............................................................................................................................................13
1.7 As, as if, like, so, such as.......................................................................................................................................14
1.8 Verbs often mixed up...........................................................................................................................................15
1.9 Numbers..............................................................................................................................................................15
1.10 Dates..................................................................................................................................................................17
1.11 Linking words.....................................................................................................................................................18
1.12 Giving directions or instructions........................................................................................................................18
2 Legal topics................................................................................................................................................................. 19
2.1 Nuisance..............................................................................................................................................................19
2.2 Contracts.............................................................................................................................................................20
2.3 Abortion in the US...............................................................................................................................................22
3 Texts............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
3.1 The day I went to prison......................................................................................................................................23
3.2 Why prison doesn’t work for women..................................................................................................................25
,1 ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS
1.1 Modal auxiliaries
The modal verbs are: can, could, must, should, ought, may, might, will, would, shall
Modal verb + infinitive without to
o Uitz: ought to infinitive
o Infinitive can be simple, continuous, perfect or passive
Negative --> + not / n’t
Questions: subject + modal verb
Present VS future: same form
Past: modal verb + have + past participle
Necessity I must clean my shoes
We have to wait here.
No necessity You needn’t wear a tie
You don’t have to wear a tie.
The right thing to do You should complain
You ought to complain.
Permission Can I go? / May I go?
Certainty The game will be over now
This place must be crowded in summer.
Impossibility This can’t be real gold.
Probability Things should start to get better.
Possibility We may/might go out later
We could go out later.
Ability I can ski
I could ski when I was a child
We were able to ski all afternoon.
Hypothesis A million pounds would be very useful.
Past habits My friend would always call on me after school
We used to play together every day.
Must and have to
Necessary now or in the near future
o must:
when the speaker decides what is necessary
You must fill in a form (I’m telling you)
also used when the speaker wan to recommend something enjoyable
We must have lunch together some time
o have to:
when the necessity comes from the situation
You have to fill in a form (That’s the rule)
Needn’t, don’t have to and mustn’t
Needn’t and don’t have to
o To say that something is not necessary
Needn’t have done and didn’t need to
o To talk about an unnecessary past action
didn’t need to: when someone didn’t do something because it wasn’t necessary
both: when someone did something which we now know was unnecessary
Mustn’t
o To tell someone not to do something / say it is necessary to avoid something / to forbid something (may not)
, Should and ought to
The right thing to do
o both: to say what is the right thing or the best thing to do
Should: negative, short answers
Probability
o Should:
to say that something is probable (present / future)
negative: shouldn’t
‘if all goes well’
Can, could and may
Asking permission
o Could is more polite, may is more formal
Giving and refusing permission
o Can / may: to give permission (may is more formal)
o Cannot / can’t: to refuse permission
Talking about permission
o Can: present and future
o Could: past
‘Will’, ‘must’ and ‘can’t’ expressing certainty
Will
o Assumption
Must
o Certainty
Can’t
o For something we see as impossible
Can’t >< Must
Had to / couldn’t
o When something seemed certain in the past
The fingerprints were the husband’s, so he had to be the murderer
May and might
Could
o to suggest possible future actions
requests and in an offer of help
o for something that is possibly true / for an uncertain prediction
o could have pp: possible actions in the past
Can
o requests and in an offer of help
o to say something is generally possible
‘Can’ and ‘could’ expressing possibility
Can / could
o Can: to express ability
o Could: for ability in the past
o Both: for an opportunity to do something
Be able to (= can)
o For ability or opportunity (present)
Could and was/were able to
o Was/were able to: an action in a particular situation
o Could: used with verbs of perception and verbs of thinking
o Both: to talk about a general ability in the past
1 English Grammar and Communication Skills................................................................................................................2
1.1 Modal auxiliaries...................................................................................................................................................2
1.2 The noun................................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 The genitive...........................................................................................................................................................7
1.4 Adjectives..............................................................................................................................................................8
1.5 Adverbs................................................................................................................................................................10
1.6 Expressing quantity..............................................................................................................................................13
1.7 As, as if, like, so, such as.......................................................................................................................................14
1.8 Verbs often mixed up...........................................................................................................................................15
1.9 Numbers..............................................................................................................................................................15
1.10 Dates..................................................................................................................................................................17
1.11 Linking words.....................................................................................................................................................18
1.12 Giving directions or instructions........................................................................................................................18
2 Legal topics................................................................................................................................................................. 19
2.1 Nuisance..............................................................................................................................................................19
2.2 Contracts.............................................................................................................................................................20
2.3 Abortion in the US...............................................................................................................................................22
3 Texts............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
3.1 The day I went to prison......................................................................................................................................23
3.2 Why prison doesn’t work for women..................................................................................................................25
,1 ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS
1.1 Modal auxiliaries
The modal verbs are: can, could, must, should, ought, may, might, will, would, shall
Modal verb + infinitive without to
o Uitz: ought to infinitive
o Infinitive can be simple, continuous, perfect or passive
Negative --> + not / n’t
Questions: subject + modal verb
Present VS future: same form
Past: modal verb + have + past participle
Necessity I must clean my shoes
We have to wait here.
No necessity You needn’t wear a tie
You don’t have to wear a tie.
The right thing to do You should complain
You ought to complain.
Permission Can I go? / May I go?
Certainty The game will be over now
This place must be crowded in summer.
Impossibility This can’t be real gold.
Probability Things should start to get better.
Possibility We may/might go out later
We could go out later.
Ability I can ski
I could ski when I was a child
We were able to ski all afternoon.
Hypothesis A million pounds would be very useful.
Past habits My friend would always call on me after school
We used to play together every day.
Must and have to
Necessary now or in the near future
o must:
when the speaker decides what is necessary
You must fill in a form (I’m telling you)
also used when the speaker wan to recommend something enjoyable
We must have lunch together some time
o have to:
when the necessity comes from the situation
You have to fill in a form (That’s the rule)
Needn’t, don’t have to and mustn’t
Needn’t and don’t have to
o To say that something is not necessary
Needn’t have done and didn’t need to
o To talk about an unnecessary past action
didn’t need to: when someone didn’t do something because it wasn’t necessary
both: when someone did something which we now know was unnecessary
Mustn’t
o To tell someone not to do something / say it is necessary to avoid something / to forbid something (may not)
, Should and ought to
The right thing to do
o both: to say what is the right thing or the best thing to do
Should: negative, short answers
Probability
o Should:
to say that something is probable (present / future)
negative: shouldn’t
‘if all goes well’
Can, could and may
Asking permission
o Could is more polite, may is more formal
Giving and refusing permission
o Can / may: to give permission (may is more formal)
o Cannot / can’t: to refuse permission
Talking about permission
o Can: present and future
o Could: past
‘Will’, ‘must’ and ‘can’t’ expressing certainty
Will
o Assumption
Must
o Certainty
Can’t
o For something we see as impossible
Can’t >< Must
Had to / couldn’t
o When something seemed certain in the past
The fingerprints were the husband’s, so he had to be the murderer
May and might
Could
o to suggest possible future actions
requests and in an offer of help
o for something that is possibly true / for an uncertain prediction
o could have pp: possible actions in the past
Can
o requests and in an offer of help
o to say something is generally possible
‘Can’ and ‘could’ expressing possibility
Can / could
o Can: to express ability
o Could: for ability in the past
o Both: for an opportunity to do something
Be able to (= can)
o For ability or opportunity (present)
Could and was/were able to
o Was/were able to: an action in a particular situation
o Could: used with verbs of perception and verbs of thinking
o Both: to talk about a general ability in the past
