MDSC 515 CORRECT EXAMS TEST PAPER
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔disease - ✔✔-impairment of normal function typically manifested by a sign or
symptom
✔✔infection - ✔✔-invasion of the body by microorganisms that causes disease
✔✔pathogen - ✔✔-a microorganism that causes disease
✔✔virulence - ✔✔-degree of harm or damage caused to the host
✔✔pathogenicity - ✔✔-ability of a pathogen to cause disease
✔✔primary pathogen - ✔✔-pathogen in immunocompetent hosts
✔✔opportunistic pathogen - ✔✔-not a pathogen in the normal host but becomes a
pathogen when a break down in barriers such as the immune system occur
✔✔colonizer - ✔✔-pathogenic or non-pathogenic organism present on or in the host
that does not cause disease
, ✔✔commensal - ✔✔part of the norma flora, may be beneficial to the host
✔✔microorganism determinants of pathogenicity - ✔✔virulence/pathogenicity factors
dictate:
-survival in the environment
-mode of transmission
-association with the host cells (attachment, invasion and interaction or avoidance of the
immune system)
-damage to the host (toxin production)
-resistance to antibiotics
✔✔host determinants of pathogenesis - ✔✔-presence or absence of defence
mechanisms (skin breakdown/cut or suppression of the immune system)
-genetic and epigenetic variation within the population (differences in immune systems)
-microbiome health (elimination of gut flora after antibiotics - resulting in diarrhea)
-human behaviour: (not masking at large gatherings during COVID-19)
-where they live (multi-person households)
✔✔environmental determinants of pathogenesis - ✔✔-presence of sources of infection
(environment, other humans or other organisms - mosquitoes that carry pathogens)
-protection from sources of infection - sewage systems, air circulation (more frequent air
circulation removes microbes from the room), exposure to UV light (kills organisms) ,
humidity (alters the transmission and formation of aerosols)
-climate - influences the ability of microorganisms to grow, influences the presence of
vectors or non-human hosts, influences human behaviour
✔✔bacterial factors promoting survival in the environment - ✔✔-cell wall components
-capsule - extra protector
-biofilms
-ability to form spores
-factors promoting survival and transmission from vectors and intermediate hosts
✔✔types of bacteria transmission - ✔✔-airborne
-droplet
-fecal-oral
-direct contact
-sexual
-blood-borne
-inanimate objects
-vector
✔✔bacterial adhesion - ✔✔-adhesion on bacterial cell surface and receptor is on the
mucous cell surface
-pili/fimbriae
-teichoic/lipoteichoic acids
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔disease - ✔✔-impairment of normal function typically manifested by a sign or
symptom
✔✔infection - ✔✔-invasion of the body by microorganisms that causes disease
✔✔pathogen - ✔✔-a microorganism that causes disease
✔✔virulence - ✔✔-degree of harm or damage caused to the host
✔✔pathogenicity - ✔✔-ability of a pathogen to cause disease
✔✔primary pathogen - ✔✔-pathogen in immunocompetent hosts
✔✔opportunistic pathogen - ✔✔-not a pathogen in the normal host but becomes a
pathogen when a break down in barriers such as the immune system occur
✔✔colonizer - ✔✔-pathogenic or non-pathogenic organism present on or in the host
that does not cause disease
, ✔✔commensal - ✔✔part of the norma flora, may be beneficial to the host
✔✔microorganism determinants of pathogenicity - ✔✔virulence/pathogenicity factors
dictate:
-survival in the environment
-mode of transmission
-association with the host cells (attachment, invasion and interaction or avoidance of the
immune system)
-damage to the host (toxin production)
-resistance to antibiotics
✔✔host determinants of pathogenesis - ✔✔-presence or absence of defence
mechanisms (skin breakdown/cut or suppression of the immune system)
-genetic and epigenetic variation within the population (differences in immune systems)
-microbiome health (elimination of gut flora after antibiotics - resulting in diarrhea)
-human behaviour: (not masking at large gatherings during COVID-19)
-where they live (multi-person households)
✔✔environmental determinants of pathogenesis - ✔✔-presence of sources of infection
(environment, other humans or other organisms - mosquitoes that carry pathogens)
-protection from sources of infection - sewage systems, air circulation (more frequent air
circulation removes microbes from the room), exposure to UV light (kills organisms) ,
humidity (alters the transmission and formation of aerosols)
-climate - influences the ability of microorganisms to grow, influences the presence of
vectors or non-human hosts, influences human behaviour
✔✔bacterial factors promoting survival in the environment - ✔✔-cell wall components
-capsule - extra protector
-biofilms
-ability to form spores
-factors promoting survival and transmission from vectors and intermediate hosts
✔✔types of bacteria transmission - ✔✔-airborne
-droplet
-fecal-oral
-direct contact
-sexual
-blood-borne
-inanimate objects
-vector
✔✔bacterial adhesion - ✔✔-adhesion on bacterial cell surface and receptor is on the
mucous cell surface
-pili/fimbriae
-teichoic/lipoteichoic acids
