2026 PARAMEDIC FISDAP AIRWAY EVALUATION TEST
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Phase C of Waveform - ✔✔Expiratory or alveolar plateau is represented by phase
C-D, and the gas sampled is essentially alveolar.
✔✔Phase D of Waveform - ✔✔Point D is maximal ETCO2 level, the best reflection of
teh alveolar CO2 level.
✔✔Phase E of Waveform - ✔✔Fresh gas is introduced during the inspiratory
downstroke (phase D-E), and the waveform returns to the baseline level of CO2- approx
0.
✔✔Bag Valve Mask - ✔✔Whenever possible, you and your partner should work
together to provide ventilation's with the BVM, to ensure the artificial ventilations are
adequate, you must look for CHEST RISE AND FALL, make sure the RATE IS NOT
TOO FAST or SLOW, and make sure the PULSE RATE IMPROVES.
✔✔CPAP - ✔✔CHF pt's, pulm edema, COPD, and acute bronchospasm (acute
asthma), submersion accidents, pulse ox less than 90, and rapid breathing, are
indications for CPAP. Do not use if pt has abnormal LOC, hypoventilation,
pneumothorax, tracheostomy, and active GI bleed.
, ✔✔PEEP - ✔✔Positive end expiratory pressure; during the epxiratory phase the pt
exhales against this resistance. A PEEP of 5-10 is generally what is used.
✔✔Suctioning a Trache - ✔✔Preoxygenate, insert 3ml of saline into stoma, instruct the
pt to exhale while inserting the catheter, then begin suctioning on the way out.
✔✔Ventilating a Trache Stoma - ✔✔Neither head tilt or chin lift is required for pt w/ a
stoma. If using a BVM, use a pediatric mask over the stoma to get a good seal, then
seal the pt's nose and mouth to prevent leakage.
✔✔Tracheostomy Tube - ✔✔A plastic tube placed within the trachea site (stoma), and
is compatible with BVM 15/22mm, so your BVM will connect right too it. May need to
suction the trache tube before ventilating.
✔✔Stenosis - ✔✔When the trache tube becomes dislodged, and is potentially life
threatening because soft tissue damage may occur. You may have to insert an ET tube
into the stoma before it becomes totally occluded.
✔✔How to fix Stenosis - ✔✔Lubricate the same size trache tube or ET tube, instruct the
pt to exhale and gently insert the tube approx 1 to 2 cm beyond the balloon cuff. Inflate
the balloon cuff. Confirm patency and proper placement of the tube, auscultate lung
sounds.
✔✔Predicting the Difficult Airway - ✔✔LEMON- Look externally, Evaluate 3-3-2,
Mallampati, Obstruction, Neck mobility.
✔✔3-3-2 RULE - ✔✔The first 3 refers to mouth opening, ideally a pt's mouth should
open at least 3 fingerwidths (5cm). The second 3 refers to the length of the mandible, at
least 3 fingerwidths is optimal. The 2 part refers to the distance from the hyoid bone to
the thyroid notch; it should be at least 2 fingers wide.
✔✔Complications of an ET tube - ✔✔Bleeding, hypoxia, laryngeal swelling,
laryngospasm, vocal cord damage, mucosal necrosis and barotrauma.
*NEVER take your hand off the ET tube before it has been secured in place.
✔✔Straight Blade (Miller) - ✔✔Designed to lift up the epiglottis, and goes beneath it.
Beneficial for children who have large epiglottis, but requires great care and if used
improperly it is more likely to damage teeth.
✔✔Curved Blade (MAC) - ✔✔Goes into the vallecular space, between the tongue and
the glottis, and indirectly lifts the epiglottis. Less likely to be levered against the teeth.
✔✔Confirmation of ET tube placement - ✔✔Visualizing the passes of the tube through
the vocal cords is your first confirmation and most reliable, listening to lung sounds and
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Phase C of Waveform - ✔✔Expiratory or alveolar plateau is represented by phase
C-D, and the gas sampled is essentially alveolar.
✔✔Phase D of Waveform - ✔✔Point D is maximal ETCO2 level, the best reflection of
teh alveolar CO2 level.
✔✔Phase E of Waveform - ✔✔Fresh gas is introduced during the inspiratory
downstroke (phase D-E), and the waveform returns to the baseline level of CO2- approx
0.
✔✔Bag Valve Mask - ✔✔Whenever possible, you and your partner should work
together to provide ventilation's with the BVM, to ensure the artificial ventilations are
adequate, you must look for CHEST RISE AND FALL, make sure the RATE IS NOT
TOO FAST or SLOW, and make sure the PULSE RATE IMPROVES.
✔✔CPAP - ✔✔CHF pt's, pulm edema, COPD, and acute bronchospasm (acute
asthma), submersion accidents, pulse ox less than 90, and rapid breathing, are
indications for CPAP. Do not use if pt has abnormal LOC, hypoventilation,
pneumothorax, tracheostomy, and active GI bleed.
, ✔✔PEEP - ✔✔Positive end expiratory pressure; during the epxiratory phase the pt
exhales against this resistance. A PEEP of 5-10 is generally what is used.
✔✔Suctioning a Trache - ✔✔Preoxygenate, insert 3ml of saline into stoma, instruct the
pt to exhale while inserting the catheter, then begin suctioning on the way out.
✔✔Ventilating a Trache Stoma - ✔✔Neither head tilt or chin lift is required for pt w/ a
stoma. If using a BVM, use a pediatric mask over the stoma to get a good seal, then
seal the pt's nose and mouth to prevent leakage.
✔✔Tracheostomy Tube - ✔✔A plastic tube placed within the trachea site (stoma), and
is compatible with BVM 15/22mm, so your BVM will connect right too it. May need to
suction the trache tube before ventilating.
✔✔Stenosis - ✔✔When the trache tube becomes dislodged, and is potentially life
threatening because soft tissue damage may occur. You may have to insert an ET tube
into the stoma before it becomes totally occluded.
✔✔How to fix Stenosis - ✔✔Lubricate the same size trache tube or ET tube, instruct the
pt to exhale and gently insert the tube approx 1 to 2 cm beyond the balloon cuff. Inflate
the balloon cuff. Confirm patency and proper placement of the tube, auscultate lung
sounds.
✔✔Predicting the Difficult Airway - ✔✔LEMON- Look externally, Evaluate 3-3-2,
Mallampati, Obstruction, Neck mobility.
✔✔3-3-2 RULE - ✔✔The first 3 refers to mouth opening, ideally a pt's mouth should
open at least 3 fingerwidths (5cm). The second 3 refers to the length of the mandible, at
least 3 fingerwidths is optimal. The 2 part refers to the distance from the hyoid bone to
the thyroid notch; it should be at least 2 fingers wide.
✔✔Complications of an ET tube - ✔✔Bleeding, hypoxia, laryngeal swelling,
laryngospasm, vocal cord damage, mucosal necrosis and barotrauma.
*NEVER take your hand off the ET tube before it has been secured in place.
✔✔Straight Blade (Miller) - ✔✔Designed to lift up the epiglottis, and goes beneath it.
Beneficial for children who have large epiglottis, but requires great care and if used
improperly it is more likely to damage teeth.
✔✔Curved Blade (MAC) - ✔✔Goes into the vallecular space, between the tongue and
the glottis, and indirectly lifts the epiglottis. Less likely to be levered against the teeth.
✔✔Confirmation of ET tube placement - ✔✔Visualizing the passes of the tube through
the vocal cords is your first confirmation and most reliable, listening to lung sounds and
