NUR 376 Patho Final UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and Answers | A+ Verified |
2026
• Actinic Keratosis (AK) -✓✓ -premalignant lesion found on skin that has been damaged
by the sun's UV rays
-present as patches of rough, scaly, red plaques
-the surrounding tissues are red and may show telangiectasia (branches of delicate
capillaries)
• Active acquired adaptive immunity -✓✓ Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired
adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
• Adaptive immunity is? -✓✓ -2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
• Airway Edema -✓✓ Exposure to intense heat and flames produces
-mucosal damage
-erythema
-edema of the upper airway.
Edema of the upper airway tissues progresses rapidly, so if the patient manifests signs
such as stridor, which is indicative of upper airway edema, the patient should be
intubated immediately to prevent total airway obstruction.
• Alarm Stage -✓✓ "fight or flight"
SNS activated & adrenal glands release norepinephrine
Induces increased HR/BP, blood glucose sweating, bronchodilation, decreased GI &
genitourinary activity
In brain, stress response causes posterior pituitary to release ADH = decreased urine
output (retention) This helps maintain BP
Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) which stimulates anterior
pituitary to release ACTH
- stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol which increasing blood glucose. Initially it
boosts immune system activity but over time will end up suppressing it
-Aldosterone also released to maintain blood volume & pressure by retaining sodium
and water
,• Allostasis -✓✓ The ability of the organism to adapt to stress or pain by regulating the
internal environment and maintaining stability
• Allostatic Overload & mechanisms that can cause this -✓✓ McEwen's Theory
Chronic pain that causes "wear and tear" on the body
1. Repeated stressful experience
2. Inability of the individual to adapt
3. Prolonged reaction to stressor
4. Inadequate response to a stressor
• Apoptosis -✓✓ Genetically programmed death on cells that has no adverse effects on
body
• Atrophy -✓✓ "Shrinking"
When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they shrink to decrease the demand and
increase efficiency.
• Basal Skin Carcinoma -✓✓ Most common skin cancer
Curable
Risk Factors:
-light colored skin
-sun exposure/ UV radiation (also found from tanning beds)
- face most common affected area
- can also affect chest, back, scalp, arms, legs
Patho:
-grows slowly & deeply
- called "pearly". Looks like a domed shaped bump with a shiny appearance
-Rarely metastasizes
Prevention:
-wearing sunscreen and protective clothing
• Blood glucose levels -✓✓ normal= , 140mg/dl
hyperglycemia = >200 mg/dl
hypoglycemia= < 70mg/dl
• Bone Healing Process -✓✓ 5 stages:
1. Fracture/Inflammatory Phase:
-peaks approx 48 hrs after injury, can last up to a week
, - bleeding and formation of hematoma
- inflammation causes vascular permeability so WBCs can reach site of injury
2. Granulation Tissue Formation:
- lasts approx 2 weeks
- fibroblasts are attracted to injury & formation of vascular tissue begins
** Nutrients & oxygen are vital at this stage
3. Callus Formation:
- callus consists of osteoblasts & chondroblasts in granulation tissue
-These cells synthesize the extracellular organic matrix of woven bone and cartilage,
producing newly formed mineralized bone approx 6 weeks post-injury
4. Lamellar Bone Deposition:
- "strengthening phase"
- ossification begins
-The mesh-like callus of woven bone is replaced by sheets (lamellae) of mineralized
bone
- length time of this phase is dependent on injury, but occurs within weeks of callus
formation
5. Remodeling
-The formation is sculpted and refined by the mechanical stresses imposed on the bone
-Adequate strength commonly occurs in 3 to 6 months.
• Chronic Renal Failure -✓✓ Loss of proper renal function, Decreased/Impairment of
GFR
There are five stages of CFR, each stage decreasing in GFR. S&S of CFR will be
asymptomatic in early stages because GFR is still within normal limits.
As GFR decreases It leads to:
-High urea (BUN)
-High creatinine
-High potassium (>5 mEq/L)
-High phosphate
-Low calcium (<9 mg/dl)
** remember phosphate and calcium have inverse relationship. So if phosphate is high,
calcium will be low and vice versa. Why is this? Calcium binds to phosphate, thus
removing it from the blood= hypocalcemia. So now what? Your parathyroid senses high
phosphate levels in the blood and releases the parathyroid hormone (PTH) to draw
calcium from your bones into the blood in attempt to restore serum calcium levels. If
calcium is being drawn out of the bones, this can = weak brittle bones.
*Keep this in mind for nursing interventions
-high magnesium (>2.5 mg/dl)
-proteinuria
Questions and Answers | A+ Verified |
2026
• Actinic Keratosis (AK) -✓✓ -premalignant lesion found on skin that has been damaged
by the sun's UV rays
-present as patches of rough, scaly, red plaques
-the surrounding tissues are red and may show telangiectasia (branches of delicate
capillaries)
• Active acquired adaptive immunity -✓✓ Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired
adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
• Adaptive immunity is? -✓✓ -2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
• Airway Edema -✓✓ Exposure to intense heat and flames produces
-mucosal damage
-erythema
-edema of the upper airway.
Edema of the upper airway tissues progresses rapidly, so if the patient manifests signs
such as stridor, which is indicative of upper airway edema, the patient should be
intubated immediately to prevent total airway obstruction.
• Alarm Stage -✓✓ "fight or flight"
SNS activated & adrenal glands release norepinephrine
Induces increased HR/BP, blood glucose sweating, bronchodilation, decreased GI &
genitourinary activity
In brain, stress response causes posterior pituitary to release ADH = decreased urine
output (retention) This helps maintain BP
Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) which stimulates anterior
pituitary to release ACTH
- stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol which increasing blood glucose. Initially it
boosts immune system activity but over time will end up suppressing it
-Aldosterone also released to maintain blood volume & pressure by retaining sodium
and water
,• Allostasis -✓✓ The ability of the organism to adapt to stress or pain by regulating the
internal environment and maintaining stability
• Allostatic Overload & mechanisms that can cause this -✓✓ McEwen's Theory
Chronic pain that causes "wear and tear" on the body
1. Repeated stressful experience
2. Inability of the individual to adapt
3. Prolonged reaction to stressor
4. Inadequate response to a stressor
• Apoptosis -✓✓ Genetically programmed death on cells that has no adverse effects on
body
• Atrophy -✓✓ "Shrinking"
When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they shrink to decrease the demand and
increase efficiency.
• Basal Skin Carcinoma -✓✓ Most common skin cancer
Curable
Risk Factors:
-light colored skin
-sun exposure/ UV radiation (also found from tanning beds)
- face most common affected area
- can also affect chest, back, scalp, arms, legs
Patho:
-grows slowly & deeply
- called "pearly". Looks like a domed shaped bump with a shiny appearance
-Rarely metastasizes
Prevention:
-wearing sunscreen and protective clothing
• Blood glucose levels -✓✓ normal= , 140mg/dl
hyperglycemia = >200 mg/dl
hypoglycemia= < 70mg/dl
• Bone Healing Process -✓✓ 5 stages:
1. Fracture/Inflammatory Phase:
-peaks approx 48 hrs after injury, can last up to a week
, - bleeding and formation of hematoma
- inflammation causes vascular permeability so WBCs can reach site of injury
2. Granulation Tissue Formation:
- lasts approx 2 weeks
- fibroblasts are attracted to injury & formation of vascular tissue begins
** Nutrients & oxygen are vital at this stage
3. Callus Formation:
- callus consists of osteoblasts & chondroblasts in granulation tissue
-These cells synthesize the extracellular organic matrix of woven bone and cartilage,
producing newly formed mineralized bone approx 6 weeks post-injury
4. Lamellar Bone Deposition:
- "strengthening phase"
- ossification begins
-The mesh-like callus of woven bone is replaced by sheets (lamellae) of mineralized
bone
- length time of this phase is dependent on injury, but occurs within weeks of callus
formation
5. Remodeling
-The formation is sculpted and refined by the mechanical stresses imposed on the bone
-Adequate strength commonly occurs in 3 to 6 months.
• Chronic Renal Failure -✓✓ Loss of proper renal function, Decreased/Impairment of
GFR
There are five stages of CFR, each stage decreasing in GFR. S&S of CFR will be
asymptomatic in early stages because GFR is still within normal limits.
As GFR decreases It leads to:
-High urea (BUN)
-High creatinine
-High potassium (>5 mEq/L)
-High phosphate
-Low calcium (<9 mg/dl)
** remember phosphate and calcium have inverse relationship. So if phosphate is high,
calcium will be low and vice versa. Why is this? Calcium binds to phosphate, thus
removing it from the blood= hypocalcemia. So now what? Your parathyroid senses high
phosphate levels in the blood and releases the parathyroid hormone (PTH) to draw
calcium from your bones into the blood in attempt to restore serum calcium levels. If
calcium is being drawn out of the bones, this can = weak brittle bones.
*Keep this in mind for nursing interventions
-high magnesium (>2.5 mg/dl)
-proteinuria
