CMN 122 Midterm 1 Final Exam and All
Correct Answers 2026 Updated.
Nonverbal Communication - Answer "Involves all messages other than words or
language, including aspects of the voice, body
movement, facial expressions, space, time, smell,
and the environment" (Guerrero et al., 2008, p. 9)
¨ "Refers to communication effected by means other
than words, assuming words are the verbal
element" (Knapp et al., 2014, p. 8).
¨ Messages/Channels/Senders/Receivers are
important elements
Messages - Answer info you're trying to convey
Channels - Answer F2F, verbal, non-verbal, etc
Senders - Answer encoder, the person that is doing the non-verbal behaviors
Recievers - Answer decoders, ones that are seeing/hearing the non-verbal behavior
Channels of Nonverbal Behavior - Answer - kinesics
- appearance and adornment
- vocalics
- contact codes
- time and place codes
kinesics - Answer messages that we send to our bodies, facial expressions, posture
- oculus six: movements w/ the eyes
appearance and adornment - Answer physical appearance: clothing, etc
,adornment smell (olfactory)
voalics - Answer the words we say when we're speaking, how we say it.
contact codes - Answer how we use our space (proximics), idea of touch (haptics)
time & codes - Answer use of time/ environment
- monochronic person tends to think of time in a orderly way
- polychronic person is much more okay w/ doing multiple things at once
Given vs. Given Off Behaviors
(Goffman) - Answer - Given: represent non-verbal behaviors we do on purpose w/ intention
- Given Off Behaviors: behaviors we do unintentionally
Aspects of Meaning in Nonverbal Behavior - Answer - Intention (encoding): what are people's
intentions when they emit this behavior?
- Perception/interpretation (decoding): how do receivers of this behavior interpret it?
- Interactive: are there behaviors that have a reliable
behavioral effect on others?
- Shared encoding-decoding: are there behaviors whose meaning senders and receivers
consistently agree on?
Usage Of Nonverbal Communication
Behaviors - Answer - External conditions (context)
- Relationship to the verbal
- Awareness (aware/ not aware)
- Intent (on purpose/ not on purpose)
, - Feedback (verbal & nonverbal, more nonverbal communicating that we're paying attention)
- Type of information conveyed
Four Types of Information Conveyed (Ekman
& Friesen, 1969) - Answer - IDIOSYNCRATIC: usage and meaning is peculiar to
the individual (unique to them)
- INFORMATIVE: shared encoding and decoding (intent of one person doing the non verbal now
matches the interpretation of the decoder
- COMMUNICATIVE: enacted with clear, conscious
intention to convey a message (done on purpose)
- INTERACTIVE: influence or modify another person's
behavior
ORIGINS/SOURCES OF BEHAVIOR
(Ekman & Friesen, 1981) - Answer - INNATE NEUROLOGICAL MECHANISMS: some of our non-
verbal behaviors we are born w/ we don't have to learn them
- SPECIES CONSTANT EXPERIENCES: certain environments call for specific actions
- LEARNING & SOCIALIZATION: thumbs up/down, culturally specific behaviors
Coding of nonverbal behavior (Ekman &
Friesen, 1969) - Answer - Arbitrary: non-verbal behavior we do can have no real reason for
why it's communicating a particular message (peace sign)
- Iconic (metaphoric): presents some aspect of referent (telephone gesture)
- Intrinsic: non-verbal behavior represents the message we're trying to communicate (punching
someone)
Five Categories of Nonverbal Behavior
(Ekman & Friesen) - Answer 1. Emblems: culturally specific, words
Correct Answers 2026 Updated.
Nonverbal Communication - Answer "Involves all messages other than words or
language, including aspects of the voice, body
movement, facial expressions, space, time, smell,
and the environment" (Guerrero et al., 2008, p. 9)
¨ "Refers to communication effected by means other
than words, assuming words are the verbal
element" (Knapp et al., 2014, p. 8).
¨ Messages/Channels/Senders/Receivers are
important elements
Messages - Answer info you're trying to convey
Channels - Answer F2F, verbal, non-verbal, etc
Senders - Answer encoder, the person that is doing the non-verbal behaviors
Recievers - Answer decoders, ones that are seeing/hearing the non-verbal behavior
Channels of Nonverbal Behavior - Answer - kinesics
- appearance and adornment
- vocalics
- contact codes
- time and place codes
kinesics - Answer messages that we send to our bodies, facial expressions, posture
- oculus six: movements w/ the eyes
appearance and adornment - Answer physical appearance: clothing, etc
,adornment smell (olfactory)
voalics - Answer the words we say when we're speaking, how we say it.
contact codes - Answer how we use our space (proximics), idea of touch (haptics)
time & codes - Answer use of time/ environment
- monochronic person tends to think of time in a orderly way
- polychronic person is much more okay w/ doing multiple things at once
Given vs. Given Off Behaviors
(Goffman) - Answer - Given: represent non-verbal behaviors we do on purpose w/ intention
- Given Off Behaviors: behaviors we do unintentionally
Aspects of Meaning in Nonverbal Behavior - Answer - Intention (encoding): what are people's
intentions when they emit this behavior?
- Perception/interpretation (decoding): how do receivers of this behavior interpret it?
- Interactive: are there behaviors that have a reliable
behavioral effect on others?
- Shared encoding-decoding: are there behaviors whose meaning senders and receivers
consistently agree on?
Usage Of Nonverbal Communication
Behaviors - Answer - External conditions (context)
- Relationship to the verbal
- Awareness (aware/ not aware)
- Intent (on purpose/ not on purpose)
, - Feedback (verbal & nonverbal, more nonverbal communicating that we're paying attention)
- Type of information conveyed
Four Types of Information Conveyed (Ekman
& Friesen, 1969) - Answer - IDIOSYNCRATIC: usage and meaning is peculiar to
the individual (unique to them)
- INFORMATIVE: shared encoding and decoding (intent of one person doing the non verbal now
matches the interpretation of the decoder
- COMMUNICATIVE: enacted with clear, conscious
intention to convey a message (done on purpose)
- INTERACTIVE: influence or modify another person's
behavior
ORIGINS/SOURCES OF BEHAVIOR
(Ekman & Friesen, 1981) - Answer - INNATE NEUROLOGICAL MECHANISMS: some of our non-
verbal behaviors we are born w/ we don't have to learn them
- SPECIES CONSTANT EXPERIENCES: certain environments call for specific actions
- LEARNING & SOCIALIZATION: thumbs up/down, culturally specific behaviors
Coding of nonverbal behavior (Ekman &
Friesen, 1969) - Answer - Arbitrary: non-verbal behavior we do can have no real reason for
why it's communicating a particular message (peace sign)
- Iconic (metaphoric): presents some aspect of referent (telephone gesture)
- Intrinsic: non-verbal behavior represents the message we're trying to communicate (punching
someone)
Five Categories of Nonverbal Behavior
(Ekman & Friesen) - Answer 1. Emblems: culturally specific, words
