HNG 540 Exam 1 #1 Questions with correct answers
What are the four concepts associated with pharmacokinetics? - ✔✔Absorptions
Metabolism
Distribution
Elimination
Pharmacokinetics - ✔✔what the body does to the drug
pharmacodynamics - ✔✔what the drug does to the body
protein binding - ✔✔the attachment of a drug molecule to a plasma or tissue
protein, effectively making the drug inactive but also keeping it within the body
Bioavailability - ✔✔A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug
and route (from 0% to 100%).
Advantage of minimal protein binding - ✔✔better tissue penetration as there is
more free drug available
disadvantage of minimal protein binding - ✔✔excreted much faster than a
medication with a higher binding level
What does protein binding effect? - ✔✔distribution, metabolism, and elimination
,Disadvantage of strongly bound protein drugs - ✔✔will have lower concentration
of free form drugs available for interaction, leading to longer duration of action
and low rates of elimination
True/False the unbound form of a drug cannot exert any effect - ✔✔False - the
remaining unbound portion of a drug is the ONLY portion that will exert any effect
A drug displays 60% protein binding? What percentage will exert an effect? -
✔✔40% of the drug is free/unbound, meaning that only that 40% will have an
effect
What needs to be considered protein binding wise, when prescribing
medications? - ✔✔-patients serum protein levels
- dose of medication
Why must dosing be considered when prescribing medications in relation to
protein binding? - ✔✔this should be considered to ensure maximum drug amount
is available to have an effect on the body
What factor can influence gastric absorption when a drug is being administered
orally? - ✔✔Lipid solubility
What type of drugs tend to be absorbed more efficiently in the GI tract? -
✔✔lipophilic drugs
, Why do lipophilic drugs get absorbed more efficiently in the GI tract and
stomach? - ✔✔this is due to cell membranes in the GI tract being composed of
lipids, allows these drugs to cross more freely
first pass metabolism - ✔✔the substance degradation of an orally administered
drug caused by enzyme metabolism in the liver before the drug reaches the
systemic circulation
True/False only PO medications undergo first pass metabolism - ✔✔False; all
drugs regardless of route of administrations must pass through the liver before
reaching its target tissues and having therapeutic effects; many drugs are not
active until they reach the liver
What is the process of a PO drug going through first pass? - ✔✔drug administered
-> drug absorbed into the GI mucosa then to the blood stream-> portal circulation
-> Liver metabolizes -> biotransformations -> elimination
portal circulation - ✔✔a system of veins from GI tract to liver
Liver metabolism (biotransformation) - ✔✔metabolic reactions occurs mediated
by enzymes changing structure to be more water soluble allowing for ease of
elimination
Phase I enzymes - ✔✔CYP450
What is phase I metabolism? - ✔✔oxidize, reduce and hydrolyze the drug;
functional groups intriduced making the drug more polar (water soluble) but not
What are the four concepts associated with pharmacokinetics? - ✔✔Absorptions
Metabolism
Distribution
Elimination
Pharmacokinetics - ✔✔what the body does to the drug
pharmacodynamics - ✔✔what the drug does to the body
protein binding - ✔✔the attachment of a drug molecule to a plasma or tissue
protein, effectively making the drug inactive but also keeping it within the body
Bioavailability - ✔✔A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug
and route (from 0% to 100%).
Advantage of minimal protein binding - ✔✔better tissue penetration as there is
more free drug available
disadvantage of minimal protein binding - ✔✔excreted much faster than a
medication with a higher binding level
What does protein binding effect? - ✔✔distribution, metabolism, and elimination
,Disadvantage of strongly bound protein drugs - ✔✔will have lower concentration
of free form drugs available for interaction, leading to longer duration of action
and low rates of elimination
True/False the unbound form of a drug cannot exert any effect - ✔✔False - the
remaining unbound portion of a drug is the ONLY portion that will exert any effect
A drug displays 60% protein binding? What percentage will exert an effect? -
✔✔40% of the drug is free/unbound, meaning that only that 40% will have an
effect
What needs to be considered protein binding wise, when prescribing
medications? - ✔✔-patients serum protein levels
- dose of medication
Why must dosing be considered when prescribing medications in relation to
protein binding? - ✔✔this should be considered to ensure maximum drug amount
is available to have an effect on the body
What factor can influence gastric absorption when a drug is being administered
orally? - ✔✔Lipid solubility
What type of drugs tend to be absorbed more efficiently in the GI tract? -
✔✔lipophilic drugs
, Why do lipophilic drugs get absorbed more efficiently in the GI tract and
stomach? - ✔✔this is due to cell membranes in the GI tract being composed of
lipids, allows these drugs to cross more freely
first pass metabolism - ✔✔the substance degradation of an orally administered
drug caused by enzyme metabolism in the liver before the drug reaches the
systemic circulation
True/False only PO medications undergo first pass metabolism - ✔✔False; all
drugs regardless of route of administrations must pass through the liver before
reaching its target tissues and having therapeutic effects; many drugs are not
active until they reach the liver
What is the process of a PO drug going through first pass? - ✔✔drug administered
-> drug absorbed into the GI mucosa then to the blood stream-> portal circulation
-> Liver metabolizes -> biotransformations -> elimination
portal circulation - ✔✔a system of veins from GI tract to liver
Liver metabolism (biotransformation) - ✔✔metabolic reactions occurs mediated
by enzymes changing structure to be more water soluble allowing for ease of
elimination
Phase I enzymes - ✔✔CYP450
What is phase I metabolism? - ✔✔oxidize, reduce and hydrolyze the drug;
functional groups intriduced making the drug more polar (water soluble) but not
