Class 10 Science — Chapter 3
Metals and Non-Metals (Complete Ultra-Detailed Revision Notes)
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SECTION 1: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (भौतिक गण
ु - दे ख-परखकर पहचानना)
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* 🌟METALS (धात)ु :
1. Metallic Lustre (धात्विक चमक): Metals in their pure state have a shining surface.
Example: Gold, Silver.
👉
2. Hardness (कठोरता): Generally, metals are very hard.
EXCEPTION (अपवाद): Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Lithium (Li) are so soft that
they can be easily cut with a knife!
👉
3. Physical State (अवस्था): All metals are solids at room temperature.
EXCEPTION: Mercury (Hg) is the only metal found in a liquid state at room
temperature.
4. Malleability (आघातवर्धनीयता): The property by which metals can be beaten into thin
sheets using a hammer. Gold and Silver are the most malleable metals.
5. Ductility (तन्यता): The ability of metals to be drawn into thin long wires. You will be
surprised to know that 1 gram of gold can be drawn into a 2 km long wire!
6. Conduction of Heat & Electricity (चालकता): Metals are excellent conductors. Silver (Ag)
and Copper (Cu) are the best conductors. Lead (Pb) and Mercury (Hg) are poor conductors.
7. Sonorous (ध्वानिक): Metals produce a unique ringing sound when they strike a hard
surface. That is why school bells and guitar strings are made of metals.
* NON-METALS (अधात)ु :
👉
1. Physical State: Non-metals can be solids or gases.
EXCEPTION: Bromine (Br) is the only liquid non-metal at room temperature.
👉
2. Non-Lustrous: They look dull and have no shine.
EXCEPTION: Iodine (I) is a non-metal but it has a beautiful natural shine.
👉
3. Poor Conductors: They do not conduct heat or electricity.
EXCEPTION: Graphite (a form of Carbon) is an excellent conductor of electricity and
is used in battery cells.
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SECTION 2: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS (धातओ
ु ं के रासायनिक गण
ु )
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1. Reaction of Metals with Oxygen (हवा/ऑक्सीजन के साथ क्रिया)
👉
* When metals are burned in air, they combine with oxygen to form Metal Oxides.
Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide
* Example: 2Cu + O₂ → 2CuO (Copper Oxide - It forms a black coating on copper).
* Example: 4Al + 3O₂ → 2Al₂O₃ (Aluminium Oxide).
What are Amphoteric Oxides (उभयधर्मी ऑक्साइड)?
* Some metal oxides behave as both acidic and basic oxides. They react with both acids and
bases to produce salt and water.
* Example: Aluminium Oxide (Al₂O₃) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO).
, 👉 Al₂O₃ + 6HCl (Acid) → 2AlCl₃ (Salt) + 3H₂O (Water)
👉 Al₂O₃ + 2NaOH (Base) → 2NaAlO₂ (Sodium Aluminate - Salt) + 3H₂O (Water)
2. Reaction of Metals with Water (पानी के साथ क्रिया)
* Metal + Water → Metal Oxide + Hydrogen Gas
👉
* Metal Oxide + Water → Metal Hydroxide
Super Easy Logic based on Metal Temperament:
- Highly Reactive (Na, K): React violently even with ice-cold water and catch fire instantly
due to hydrogen gas. (That's why they are stored in Kerosene oil).
- Moderately Reactive (Ca, Mg): React with hot water. Calcium and Magnesium start
floating on water because bubbles of hydrogen gas stick to their surface!
- Less Reactive (Al, Fe, Zn): Do not react with hot or cold water. They only react with
👉
Steam (भाप).
Equation: 3Fe + 4H₂O (Steam) → Fe₃O₄ + 4H₂↑
- No Reaction (Cu, Ag, Au, Pb): They never react with water under any condition.
3. Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids (अम्ल के साथ क्रिया)
* Metal + Dilute Acid → Salt + Hydrogen Gas
👉
* Example: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂↑
EXCEPTION CASE: When a metal reacts with Nitric Acid (HNO₃), Hydrogen gas is
NOT evolved. Why? Because HNO₃ is a very strong oxidizing agent. It quickly converts the
produced H₂ gas into Water (H₂O) and reduces itself to nitrogen oxides (N₂O, NO, NO₂).
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SECTION 3: THE REACTIVITY SERIES & IONIC COMPOUNDS
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Short-Trick to Remember the Reactivity Series (सक्रियता श्रेणी):
"Kedar Nath Ka Mali Aloo Zara Fike Pakata Hai... Cu, Hg, Ag, Au"
* High Reactive (Top): K (Potassium) > Na (Sodium) > Ca (Calcium) > Mg (Magnesium)
* Medium Reactive (Middle): Al (Aluminium) > Zn (Zinc) > Fe (Iron) > Pb (Lead) > [H]
(Hydrogen)
* Low Reactive (Bottom): Cu (Copper) > Hg (Mercury) > Ag (Silver) > Au (Gold)
IONIC COMPOUNDS (आयनिक यौगिक - दोस्ती का नया रूप)
* Definition: The chemical compounds formed by the complete transfer of electrons from a
metal to a non-metal.
* Example: Formation of NaCl (Common Salt). Sodium (Na) has 1 extra electron, it gives it to
Chlorine (Cl) which needs 1 electron. Both become stable!
* Top 4 Properties of Ionic Compounds (Very Important for Exams):
1. Physical Nature: They are crystalline solids and brittle (break easily when pressure is
applied) because of strong positive-negative attraction bonds.
2. High Melting & Boiling Points: They have very high melting points because a huge
amount of heat energy is required to break their strong inter-ionic bonds.
3. Solubility: Easily soluble in water, but completely insoluble in organic solvents like
kerosene, petrol, or diesel.
Metals and Non-Metals (Complete Ultra-Detailed Revision Notes)
====================================================================
SECTION 1: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (भौतिक गण
ु - दे ख-परखकर पहचानना)
====================================================================
* 🌟METALS (धात)ु :
1. Metallic Lustre (धात्विक चमक): Metals in their pure state have a shining surface.
Example: Gold, Silver.
👉
2. Hardness (कठोरता): Generally, metals are very hard.
EXCEPTION (अपवाद): Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Lithium (Li) are so soft that
they can be easily cut with a knife!
👉
3. Physical State (अवस्था): All metals are solids at room temperature.
EXCEPTION: Mercury (Hg) is the only metal found in a liquid state at room
temperature.
4. Malleability (आघातवर्धनीयता): The property by which metals can be beaten into thin
sheets using a hammer. Gold and Silver are the most malleable metals.
5. Ductility (तन्यता): The ability of metals to be drawn into thin long wires. You will be
surprised to know that 1 gram of gold can be drawn into a 2 km long wire!
6. Conduction of Heat & Electricity (चालकता): Metals are excellent conductors. Silver (Ag)
and Copper (Cu) are the best conductors. Lead (Pb) and Mercury (Hg) are poor conductors.
7. Sonorous (ध्वानिक): Metals produce a unique ringing sound when they strike a hard
surface. That is why school bells and guitar strings are made of metals.
* NON-METALS (अधात)ु :
👉
1. Physical State: Non-metals can be solids or gases.
EXCEPTION: Bromine (Br) is the only liquid non-metal at room temperature.
👉
2. Non-Lustrous: They look dull and have no shine.
EXCEPTION: Iodine (I) is a non-metal but it has a beautiful natural shine.
👉
3. Poor Conductors: They do not conduct heat or electricity.
EXCEPTION: Graphite (a form of Carbon) is an excellent conductor of electricity and
is used in battery cells.
====================================================================
SECTION 2: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS (धातओ
ु ं के रासायनिक गण
ु )
====================================================================
1. Reaction of Metals with Oxygen (हवा/ऑक्सीजन के साथ क्रिया)
👉
* When metals are burned in air, they combine with oxygen to form Metal Oxides.
Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide
* Example: 2Cu + O₂ → 2CuO (Copper Oxide - It forms a black coating on copper).
* Example: 4Al + 3O₂ → 2Al₂O₃ (Aluminium Oxide).
What are Amphoteric Oxides (उभयधर्मी ऑक्साइड)?
* Some metal oxides behave as both acidic and basic oxides. They react with both acids and
bases to produce salt and water.
* Example: Aluminium Oxide (Al₂O₃) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO).
, 👉 Al₂O₃ + 6HCl (Acid) → 2AlCl₃ (Salt) + 3H₂O (Water)
👉 Al₂O₃ + 2NaOH (Base) → 2NaAlO₂ (Sodium Aluminate - Salt) + 3H₂O (Water)
2. Reaction of Metals with Water (पानी के साथ क्रिया)
* Metal + Water → Metal Oxide + Hydrogen Gas
👉
* Metal Oxide + Water → Metal Hydroxide
Super Easy Logic based on Metal Temperament:
- Highly Reactive (Na, K): React violently even with ice-cold water and catch fire instantly
due to hydrogen gas. (That's why they are stored in Kerosene oil).
- Moderately Reactive (Ca, Mg): React with hot water. Calcium and Magnesium start
floating on water because bubbles of hydrogen gas stick to their surface!
- Less Reactive (Al, Fe, Zn): Do not react with hot or cold water. They only react with
👉
Steam (भाप).
Equation: 3Fe + 4H₂O (Steam) → Fe₃O₄ + 4H₂↑
- No Reaction (Cu, Ag, Au, Pb): They never react with water under any condition.
3. Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids (अम्ल के साथ क्रिया)
* Metal + Dilute Acid → Salt + Hydrogen Gas
👉
* Example: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂↑
EXCEPTION CASE: When a metal reacts with Nitric Acid (HNO₃), Hydrogen gas is
NOT evolved. Why? Because HNO₃ is a very strong oxidizing agent. It quickly converts the
produced H₂ gas into Water (H₂O) and reduces itself to nitrogen oxides (N₂O, NO, NO₂).
====================================================================
SECTION 3: THE REACTIVITY SERIES & IONIC COMPOUNDS
====================================================================
Short-Trick to Remember the Reactivity Series (सक्रियता श्रेणी):
"Kedar Nath Ka Mali Aloo Zara Fike Pakata Hai... Cu, Hg, Ag, Au"
* High Reactive (Top): K (Potassium) > Na (Sodium) > Ca (Calcium) > Mg (Magnesium)
* Medium Reactive (Middle): Al (Aluminium) > Zn (Zinc) > Fe (Iron) > Pb (Lead) > [H]
(Hydrogen)
* Low Reactive (Bottom): Cu (Copper) > Hg (Mercury) > Ag (Silver) > Au (Gold)
IONIC COMPOUNDS (आयनिक यौगिक - दोस्ती का नया रूप)
* Definition: The chemical compounds formed by the complete transfer of electrons from a
metal to a non-metal.
* Example: Formation of NaCl (Common Salt). Sodium (Na) has 1 extra electron, it gives it to
Chlorine (Cl) which needs 1 electron. Both become stable!
* Top 4 Properties of Ionic Compounds (Very Important for Exams):
1. Physical Nature: They are crystalline solids and brittle (break easily when pressure is
applied) because of strong positive-negative attraction bonds.
2. High Melting & Boiling Points: They have very high melting points because a huge
amount of heat energy is required to break their strong inter-ionic bonds.
3. Solubility: Easily soluble in water, but completely insoluble in organic solvents like
kerosene, petrol, or diesel.
