ALHS 1011 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

ALHS 1011 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Anatomy - Answers study of structure and shape of the body and its party Physiology - Answers Study of how the body and its parts work or function Levels of Organization - Answers Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism Homeostasis - Answers maintenance of a stable internal environment negative feedback - Answers shuts off original stimuli or reduces its intensity example of negative feedback - Answers chills or sweating positive feedback - Answers increases original stimulus to push the variable further example of positive feedback - Answers blood clotting or giving birth superior position - Answers towards the head, upper anterior position - Answers towards front of body inferior position - Answers away from head, lower posterior position - Answers back side of body medial position - Answers towards middle of body lateral position - Answers away from midline proximal distance - Answers close to origin of body part distal position - Answers farther away from point of attachment superficial distance - Answers toward or at body surface deep distance - Answers away from body surface (toward internal organs) 4 Quadrants - Answers Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower Right hypochondriac region - Answers Right upper region Epigastric region - Answers middle upper region Left hypochondriac region - Answers left upper region Right lumbar region - Answers right middle region Umbilical region - Answers middle region Left lumbar region - Answers left middle region Right iliac region - Answers right lower region hypogastric region - Answers middle lower region left iliac region - Answers left lower region Integumentary system - Answers forms external body covering, protects deeper tissue, regulates body temp Skeletal System - Answers protects and supports organs, muscle attachment for movement, stores minerals Nervous System - Answers fast acting control system, responds to internal and external change, activates muscles and glands Endocrine System - Answers secretes regulatory hormones Cardiovascular System - Answers heart and vessels, transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Lymphatic System - Answers returns fluid to blood vessels, cleans blood, immunity Respiratory System - Answers keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide Digestive System - Answers breaks down food, allows nutrient absorption in blood, eliminates indigestive material Urinary System - Answers eliminates nitrogenous wastes 5 properties that make water vital - Answers attraction to other polar molecules, stores heat, cushioning, chemical reactor, solvent Acid - Answers pH below 7 Base - Answers pH above 7 What is the normal pH of blood - Answers 7.35-7.45 What is a buffer? - Answers chemicals that can regulate pH change Lipids - Answers fats proteins - Answers made of amino acids carbohydrates - Answers carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; includes sugars and starches What is the primary use of glucose in the human body? - Answers brain fuel What is ATP and why is it important? - Answers chemical energy used by cells and it fuels chemical reactions Plasma Membrane - Answers barrier for cell contents, double phospholipid layer Hydrophilic Head - Answers water loving Hydrophobic Tail - Answers water hating What is the function of the nucleus - Answers control center of cell Mitochondria - Answers powerhouse of the cell, provides ATP Ribosomes - Answers make proteins Golgi Apparatus - Answers modifies and packages protein Rough ER - Answers has ribosomes Smooth ER - Answers lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides Cilia - Answers move materials across cell, respiratory system Flagella - Answers propel the cell, sperm Microvilli - Answers finger-like projections that increase surface area of cell What is meant by selective permeability? - Answers some substances move across a membrane while others are excluded Passive Transport - Answers no energy, high to low concentration Diffusion - Answers particles distribute themselves evenly within a solution Osmosis - Answers simple diffusion of water Facilitated Diffusion - Answers substances require a protein carrier for passive transport Active Transport - Answers requires energy, low to high concentration Vesicular Transport - Answers exocytosis and endocytosis Solute Pumping - Answers amino acids, some sugars and ions are transported by protein carriers called solute pumps; needs ATP 4 main functions of epithelial membrane - Answers protection, absorption, filtration, secretion Endocrine Gland - Answers ductless since secretions diffuse into blood Exocrine Gland - Answers secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface Bone - Answers protects and supports the body How many types of cartilage? - Answers 3 Tendons - Answers muscle to bone attachment Ligaments - Answers bone to bone attachment at joints Adipose tissue - Answers fat and insulation Blood - Answers fluid matrix called blood plasma Characteristics of skeletal muscle - Answers striated, multinucleate Characteristics of cardiac muscle - Answers striated, 1 nucleus Characteristics of smooth muscle - Answers no striation visible, 1 nucleus, spindle-shaped Where is the pericardium? - Answers around the heart Where is the pleura? - Answers around the lungs Where is the peritoneum? - Answers around the abdomen What layer is visceral? - Answers outside of organ What is another name for skin? - Answers cutaneous and/or epidermis Where would you find a mucous membrane? - Answers nose and mouth Where would you find the synovial membrane? - Answers joints; connective tissue only Name the layers of the skin from outermost to the innermost - Answers epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, subcutaneous What is keratin? - Answers hardening protein What is melanin? - Answers makes skin color Where is yellow bone marrow found? - Answers found in adults; fat Where is red bone marrow found? - Answers found in children What is the purpose of intervertebral disks? - Answers a cushioning to separate the spine What is another name for a joint? - Answers articulations What is the function of synovial fluid? - Answers reduce friction Smooth muscle definition - Answers involuntary, in hollow organs Where do you find skeletal muscle? - Answers all over the body Action potential step 1 - Answers action potential generated is propagated along sarcolemma and down T tubules Action potential step 2 - Answers triggers Ca2 and release from terminal Action potential step 3 - Answers calcium ions bind Action potential step 4 - Answers contraction happens Action potential step 5 - Answers removal of Ca2 by active transport What is an origin? - Answers fixed attachment What is an insertion? - Answers moves with contraction Define Flexion: - Answers decreases angle of joint Define Extension: - Answers increases angle of joint Define Abduction: - Answers movement of limb away from midline Define Adduction: - Answers movement of limb toward midline Define Inversion: - Answers turn sole of foot medially Define Eversion: - Answers turn sole of foot laterally Define Dorsiflexion: - Answers toes towards head Define Plantar Flexion: - Answers pointing toes Define Supination: - Answers forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly Define Pronation: - Answers forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly Define prime mover: - Answers muscle with major responsibility for a certain movement Define antagonist: - Answers muscle that reverses or opposes prime mover Define Synergist: - Answers muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation Define Fixator: - Answers stabilizes the origin of prime mover Aerobic - Answers requires oxygen Anaerobic - Answers breaks down glucose without oxygen What does the nervous system consist of? - Answers the brain and spinal cord What does the peripheral nervous system consist of? - Answers the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord What is an afferent neuron - Answers gathers information and monitors change inside and outside of the body What is an efferent neuron? - Answers deals with response What is the somatic nervous system? - Answers division of PNS (voluntary)=skeletal muscle What is the autonomic nervous system? - Answers division of nervous system that functions involuntary (2 parts) Describe the sympathetic nervous system - Answers "fight or flight" ; dilate heart, lungs, pupils Describe the parasympathetic nervous system - Answers "rest and digest" ; constrict pupils and blood vessels for stomach digestion