DHN 311 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026/2027 |
COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW
List the major steps of the "central dogma" of molecular biology. What are the products of each
step? - ANS ✔✔Replication --> DNA
Transcription --> RNA
Translation --> protein
Once the DNA strands unwind and separate, DNA polymerases copy the DNA. What are they
copying? What characteristics of DNA necessitates the need for leading and lagging strands to
copy the DNA? - ANS ✔✔They are copying ____.
DNA is antiparallel so the mode of synthesis occurs in 2 different directions, hence leading and
lagging strands
What are the major types of RNA generated by transcription and what is their function? - ANS
✔✔tRNA: transfer RNA.
rRNA: ribosomal RNA
mRNA: messenger RNA
for tRNA what is their function? - ANS ✔✔Carries the amino acids to the ribosome to attach to
the growing peptide chain to form a protein
for rRNA what is their function? - ANS ✔✔the site of protein synthesis
for mRNA what is their function? - ANS ✔✔translated into sequences of amino acids
(polypeptides)
, RNA polymerase knows which portion of DNA to transcribe because it travels along the ___
strand until it encounters a ____ - ANS ✔✔DNA
promoter site
What is a promoter? And how does the RNA polymerase recognize the promoter region of a
DNA strand? - ANS ✔✔Promoter: a region of DNA that provides a secure binding site for RNA
polymerase and transcription factors
RNA polymerase is able to recognize the promotor region because of the transcription factors
that are bound to the promotor
What are transcription factors and how do they affect transcription/action of the RNA
polymerases? - ANS ✔✔Transcription factors are proteins that bind to distinct sites on the DNA
that are within the core promotor region.
Their binding to DNA controls the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA.
What are enhancers? - ANS ✔✔Enhancers: increase a promoter's effectiveness.
the set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its - ANS ✔✔genome
In translation, what is read to become codons? - ANS ✔✔amino acids
Codons correspond to what? - ANS ✔✔Codons respond to the twenty-letter alphabet of
proteins.
Where does translation occur? - ANS ✔✔Translation occurs in the ribosome
What carries amino acids to build the polypeptide chain? - ANS ✔✔tRNA brings amino acids to
the mRNA to build the polypeptide chain.
COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW
List the major steps of the "central dogma" of molecular biology. What are the products of each
step? - ANS ✔✔Replication --> DNA
Transcription --> RNA
Translation --> protein
Once the DNA strands unwind and separate, DNA polymerases copy the DNA. What are they
copying? What characteristics of DNA necessitates the need for leading and lagging strands to
copy the DNA? - ANS ✔✔They are copying ____.
DNA is antiparallel so the mode of synthesis occurs in 2 different directions, hence leading and
lagging strands
What are the major types of RNA generated by transcription and what is their function? - ANS
✔✔tRNA: transfer RNA.
rRNA: ribosomal RNA
mRNA: messenger RNA
for tRNA what is their function? - ANS ✔✔Carries the amino acids to the ribosome to attach to
the growing peptide chain to form a protein
for rRNA what is their function? - ANS ✔✔the site of protein synthesis
for mRNA what is their function? - ANS ✔✔translated into sequences of amino acids
(polypeptides)
, RNA polymerase knows which portion of DNA to transcribe because it travels along the ___
strand until it encounters a ____ - ANS ✔✔DNA
promoter site
What is a promoter? And how does the RNA polymerase recognize the promoter region of a
DNA strand? - ANS ✔✔Promoter: a region of DNA that provides a secure binding site for RNA
polymerase and transcription factors
RNA polymerase is able to recognize the promotor region because of the transcription factors
that are bound to the promotor
What are transcription factors and how do they affect transcription/action of the RNA
polymerases? - ANS ✔✔Transcription factors are proteins that bind to distinct sites on the DNA
that are within the core promotor region.
Their binding to DNA controls the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA.
What are enhancers? - ANS ✔✔Enhancers: increase a promoter's effectiveness.
the set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its - ANS ✔✔genome
In translation, what is read to become codons? - ANS ✔✔amino acids
Codons correspond to what? - ANS ✔✔Codons respond to the twenty-letter alphabet of
proteins.
Where does translation occur? - ANS ✔✔Translation occurs in the ribosome
What carries amino acids to build the polypeptide chain? - ANS ✔✔tRNA brings amino acids to
the mRNA to build the polypeptide chain.
