BIOD 351 / BIOD351 Module 6: Pharmacology Exam
Actual 2026/2027 with Detailed Rationales | 100%
Verified | Pass Guaranteed – A+ Graded
SECTION 1: Cardiovascular Pharmacology (Questions 1–10)
Q1: A patient with hypertension is started on lisinopril. Which mechanism of action
best explains the antihypertensive effect of this medication?
A. Blockade of beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart
B. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II formation and
aldosterone secretion
C. Blockade of calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle
D. Inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone-mediated sodium
retention, thereby lowering blood pressure.
Q2: A patient with atrial fibrillation is prescribed warfarin for stroke prevention. Which
laboratory parameter must be monitored regularly to ensure therapeutic efficacy and
safety?
A. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
B. International normalized ratio (INR)
,C. Complete blood count with differential
D. Prothrombin time without INR calculation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Warfarin therapy requires regular monitoring of the international
normalized ratio (INR), with a typical therapeutic goal of 2.0–3.0 for most
indications, to balance stroke prevention with bleeding risk.
Q3: A patient with hyperlipidemia is started on atorvastatin 40 mg daily. Which
adverse effect is most important to monitor and counsel the patient about?
A. Hyperglycemia
B. Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis
C. Hypokalemia
D. Peripheral neuropathy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Statins such as atorvastatin can cause myopathy, manifesting as muscle
pain, weakness, and elevated creatine kinase; severe cases may progress to
rhabdomyolysis, requiring immediate discontinuation of the medication.
Q4: A patient with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is prescribed carvedilol.
Which class of medication does carvedilol belong to, and what is its primary benefit
in this patient population?
A. ACE inhibitor; reduces afterload
B. Nonselective beta-blocker with alpha-1 blocking activity; reduces mortality and
improves cardiac function
, C. Loop diuretic; reduces preload
D. Calcium channel blocker; reduces heart rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-blocker with alpha-1 blocking activity that
has been shown to reduce mortality, improve ejection fraction, and decrease
hospitalizations in patients with HFrEF.
Q5: A patient with acute coronary syndrome is given aspirin 325 mg and clopidogrel
600 mg loading doses. Which mechanism describes the antiplatelet action of
clopidogrel?
A. Irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1
B. Irreversible inhibition of the P2Y12 ADP receptor on platelets
C. Reversible inhibition of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors
D. Direct thrombin inhibition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine that irreversibly inhibits the P2Y12 ADP
receptor on platelets, preventing ADP-mediated platelet activation and aggregation,
which complements aspirin's cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition.
Q6: A patient with ventricular tachycardia is administered amiodarone. Which
adverse effect is most characteristic of long-term amiodarone therapy?
A. Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, pulmonary fibrosis, and corneal
microdeposits
B. Severe hypotension only
Actual 2026/2027 with Detailed Rationales | 100%
Verified | Pass Guaranteed – A+ Graded
SECTION 1: Cardiovascular Pharmacology (Questions 1–10)
Q1: A patient with hypertension is started on lisinopril. Which mechanism of action
best explains the antihypertensive effect of this medication?
A. Blockade of beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart
B. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II formation and
aldosterone secretion
C. Blockade of calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle
D. Inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone-mediated sodium
retention, thereby lowering blood pressure.
Q2: A patient with atrial fibrillation is prescribed warfarin for stroke prevention. Which
laboratory parameter must be monitored regularly to ensure therapeutic efficacy and
safety?
A. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
B. International normalized ratio (INR)
,C. Complete blood count with differential
D. Prothrombin time without INR calculation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Warfarin therapy requires regular monitoring of the international
normalized ratio (INR), with a typical therapeutic goal of 2.0–3.0 for most
indications, to balance stroke prevention with bleeding risk.
Q3: A patient with hyperlipidemia is started on atorvastatin 40 mg daily. Which
adverse effect is most important to monitor and counsel the patient about?
A. Hyperglycemia
B. Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis
C. Hypokalemia
D. Peripheral neuropathy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Statins such as atorvastatin can cause myopathy, manifesting as muscle
pain, weakness, and elevated creatine kinase; severe cases may progress to
rhabdomyolysis, requiring immediate discontinuation of the medication.
Q4: A patient with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is prescribed carvedilol.
Which class of medication does carvedilol belong to, and what is its primary benefit
in this patient population?
A. ACE inhibitor; reduces afterload
B. Nonselective beta-blocker with alpha-1 blocking activity; reduces mortality and
improves cardiac function
, C. Loop diuretic; reduces preload
D. Calcium channel blocker; reduces heart rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-blocker with alpha-1 blocking activity that
has been shown to reduce mortality, improve ejection fraction, and decrease
hospitalizations in patients with HFrEF.
Q5: A patient with acute coronary syndrome is given aspirin 325 mg and clopidogrel
600 mg loading doses. Which mechanism describes the antiplatelet action of
clopidogrel?
A. Irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1
B. Irreversible inhibition of the P2Y12 ADP receptor on platelets
C. Reversible inhibition of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors
D. Direct thrombin inhibition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine that irreversibly inhibits the P2Y12 ADP
receptor on platelets, preventing ADP-mediated platelet activation and aggregation,
which complements aspirin's cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition.
Q6: A patient with ventricular tachycardia is administered amiodarone. Which
adverse effect is most characteristic of long-term amiodarone therapy?
A. Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, pulmonary fibrosis, and corneal
microdeposits
B. Severe hypotension only
