BIO 235 MIDTERM 1 LATEST
REVIEW EXAM
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
Describe the levels of cellular organization and state the four types of
specialized cells and tissues - ANSWERS-cells: muscle cells, neurons,
epithelial cells, and connective tissue cells
tissues:muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, and connective
tissue.
tissues > organ > organ systems
Name the two fluids that constitute the extracellular fluid. - ANSWERS-
Interstitial fluid and blood plasma constitute the extracellular fluid,
What are the relative proportions of ECFs in the body, and how do they
differ from each other in composition? - ANSWERS-ECF= 1/3 of total
body water
Blood plasma = 70-80% of the 1/3
Interstitial fluid = 20=25%
END OF
PAGE
1
, BIO 235 MIDTERM 1 LATEST
REVIEW EXAM
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
Except for protein concentration and red blood cells in the plasma, the
two fluids are identical in composition.
State the relative volumes of water in the body fluid compartments -
ANSWERS-Intracellular fluid: 2/3 of body water
ECF: 1/3
In other words, two-thirds of total-body water is ICF and one-third is
ECF. In an average 70-kg person, ICF is 28 L, plasma is 3 L, and
interstitial fluid is 11 L.
Generalizations about homeostatic control systems - ANSWERS-(1)
Stability of an internal environmental
(2) In negative feedback, a change in the variable being regulated brings
about responses that tend to move the variable in the direction opposite
the original change
(3) Not unchanging, but dynamic
(4) The set point of some variables regulated by homeostatic control
systems can be reset—i.e., physiologically raised or lowered
(fluctuations)
END OF
PAGE
2
, BIO 235 MIDTERM 1 LATEST
REVIEW EXAM
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
(5) It is not always possible for everything to be maintained within a
narrow normal range by homeostatic control systems.
Contrast feedforward and negative feedback. - ANSWERS-Feedforward
regulation initiates an adaptive response in the body in anticipation of a
change in the environment. Feedforward regulation happens before
homeostasis has been disrupted and helps to minimize fluctuations and
speed up the response.
Negative feedback occurs only after there has been a change in the
environment. Negative feedback mechanisms come into play to restore
the variable toward its original set point.
List the components of a reflex arc. - ANSWERS-stimulus, receptor,
afferent pathway, integrating center (compare to set point), efferent
pathway, effectors
List the general categories of intercellular messengers. - ANSWERS-
neurotransmitters, hormones, and autocrine/paracrine substances
END OF
PAGE
3
REVIEW EXAM
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
Describe the levels of cellular organization and state the four types of
specialized cells and tissues - ANSWERS-cells: muscle cells, neurons,
epithelial cells, and connective tissue cells
tissues:muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, and connective
tissue.
tissues > organ > organ systems
Name the two fluids that constitute the extracellular fluid. - ANSWERS-
Interstitial fluid and blood plasma constitute the extracellular fluid,
What are the relative proportions of ECFs in the body, and how do they
differ from each other in composition? - ANSWERS-ECF= 1/3 of total
body water
Blood plasma = 70-80% of the 1/3
Interstitial fluid = 20=25%
END OF
PAGE
1
, BIO 235 MIDTERM 1 LATEST
REVIEW EXAM
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
Except for protein concentration and red blood cells in the plasma, the
two fluids are identical in composition.
State the relative volumes of water in the body fluid compartments -
ANSWERS-Intracellular fluid: 2/3 of body water
ECF: 1/3
In other words, two-thirds of total-body water is ICF and one-third is
ECF. In an average 70-kg person, ICF is 28 L, plasma is 3 L, and
interstitial fluid is 11 L.
Generalizations about homeostatic control systems - ANSWERS-(1)
Stability of an internal environmental
(2) In negative feedback, a change in the variable being regulated brings
about responses that tend to move the variable in the direction opposite
the original change
(3) Not unchanging, but dynamic
(4) The set point of some variables regulated by homeostatic control
systems can be reset—i.e., physiologically raised or lowered
(fluctuations)
END OF
PAGE
2
, BIO 235 MIDTERM 1 LATEST
REVIEW EXAM
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 - 2027
(5) It is not always possible for everything to be maintained within a
narrow normal range by homeostatic control systems.
Contrast feedforward and negative feedback. - ANSWERS-Feedforward
regulation initiates an adaptive response in the body in anticipation of a
change in the environment. Feedforward regulation happens before
homeostasis has been disrupted and helps to minimize fluctuations and
speed up the response.
Negative feedback occurs only after there has been a change in the
environment. Negative feedback mechanisms come into play to restore
the variable toward its original set point.
List the components of a reflex arc. - ANSWERS-stimulus, receptor,
afferent pathway, integrating center (compare to set point), efferent
pathway, effectors
List the general categories of intercellular messengers. - ANSWERS-
neurotransmitters, hormones, and autocrine/paracrine substances
END OF
PAGE
3
