,EXAM: McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and
Children (9th Edition) by Julia Rogers
UNIT I: THE CELL – Cellular Biology
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
d. Cells can synthesize fats.
Answer: c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
Rationale: In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from
their surroundings. The other options describe specific cellular functions (protein production,
secretion, fat synthesis) but do not comprehensively define metabolic absorption.
2. Where is most of a cell's genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
Answer: c. Nucleolus
Rationale: The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of
RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins such as histones that regulate its
activity. Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. Ribosomes
provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes function as the intracellular digestive
system.
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by using oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosomes
Answer: b. Peroxisomes
Rationale: Peroxisomes contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from
specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H₂O₂, a powerful oxidant. Ribosomes
are RNA-protein complexes for protein synthesis. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes
(hydrolases). Endosomes are vesicles pinched off from the cellular membrane.
,4. What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
a. Protein synthesis
b. Cellular respiration and energy production
c. Intracellular digestion
d. Synthesis of lipids
Answer: b. Cellular respiration and energy production
Rationale: Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP
synthesis) through oxidative phosphorylation. This is their chief function in the cell.
5. Which organelle is responsible for intracellular digestion and contains more than 40
digestive enzymes?
a. Peroxisomes
b. Ribosomes
c. Lysosomes
d. Golgi apparatus
Answer: c. Lysosomes
Rationale: Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain
more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids,
nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. They function as the intracellular digestive system.
6. Which cellular structure is composed of RNA-protein complexes and synthesized in the
nucleolus?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Mitochondria
Answer: c. Ribosomes
Rationale: Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the
nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear
pore complexes. Their chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
7. What is the function of the Golgi complex?
a. Energy production
b. Protein synthesis
c. Processing and packaging of proteins for secretion
d. Intracellular digestion
Answer: c. Processing and packaging of proteins for secretion
Rationale: The Golgi complex processes, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids for
, secretion or delivery to other organelles. It does not primarily function in energy production
(mitochondria), protein synthesis (ribosomes), or intracellular digestion (lysosomes).
8. Which type of cell junction prevents the passage of substances between cells and maintains
cellular polarity?
a. Gap junctions
b. Tight junctions
c. Desmosomes
d. Hemidesmosomes
Answer: b. Tight junctions
Rationale: Tight junctions form a barrier that prevents the passage of substances between cells
and maintains cellular polarity by separating apical and basolateral membranes. Gap junctions
allow communication between cells. Desmosomes provide mechanical strength.
Hemidesmosomes attach cells to the extracellular matrix.
9. Which transport mechanism requires energy (ATP) to move substances against a
concentration gradient?
a. Diffusion
b. Osmosis
c. Facilitated diffusion
d. Active transport
Answer: d. Active transport
Rationale: Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their
concentration gradient. Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are passive processes that
do not require energy.
10. What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?
a. +30 mV
b. -70 mV
c. 0 mV
d. +90 mV
Answer: b. -70 mV
Rationale: The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is approximately -70 mV,
maintained by the unequal distribution of ions (primarily Na⁺ and K⁺) across the cell membrane
and the activity of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump.
11. Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?
a. G₁ phase
b. S phase
c. G₂ phase
Children (9th Edition) by Julia Rogers
UNIT I: THE CELL – Cellular Biology
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
d. Cells can synthesize fats.
Answer: c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
Rationale: In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from
their surroundings. The other options describe specific cellular functions (protein production,
secretion, fat synthesis) but do not comprehensively define metabolic absorption.
2. Where is most of a cell's genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
Answer: c. Nucleolus
Rationale: The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of
RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins such as histones that regulate its
activity. Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. Ribosomes
provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes function as the intracellular digestive
system.
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by using oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosomes
Answer: b. Peroxisomes
Rationale: Peroxisomes contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from
specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H₂O₂, a powerful oxidant. Ribosomes
are RNA-protein complexes for protein synthesis. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes
(hydrolases). Endosomes are vesicles pinched off from the cellular membrane.
,4. What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
a. Protein synthesis
b. Cellular respiration and energy production
c. Intracellular digestion
d. Synthesis of lipids
Answer: b. Cellular respiration and energy production
Rationale: Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP
synthesis) through oxidative phosphorylation. This is their chief function in the cell.
5. Which organelle is responsible for intracellular digestion and contains more than 40
digestive enzymes?
a. Peroxisomes
b. Ribosomes
c. Lysosomes
d. Golgi apparatus
Answer: c. Lysosomes
Rationale: Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain
more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids,
nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. They function as the intracellular digestive system.
6. Which cellular structure is composed of RNA-protein complexes and synthesized in the
nucleolus?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Mitochondria
Answer: c. Ribosomes
Rationale: Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the
nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear
pore complexes. Their chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
7. What is the function of the Golgi complex?
a. Energy production
b. Protein synthesis
c. Processing and packaging of proteins for secretion
d. Intracellular digestion
Answer: c. Processing and packaging of proteins for secretion
Rationale: The Golgi complex processes, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids for
, secretion or delivery to other organelles. It does not primarily function in energy production
(mitochondria), protein synthesis (ribosomes), or intracellular digestion (lysosomes).
8. Which type of cell junction prevents the passage of substances between cells and maintains
cellular polarity?
a. Gap junctions
b. Tight junctions
c. Desmosomes
d. Hemidesmosomes
Answer: b. Tight junctions
Rationale: Tight junctions form a barrier that prevents the passage of substances between cells
and maintains cellular polarity by separating apical and basolateral membranes. Gap junctions
allow communication between cells. Desmosomes provide mechanical strength.
Hemidesmosomes attach cells to the extracellular matrix.
9. Which transport mechanism requires energy (ATP) to move substances against a
concentration gradient?
a. Diffusion
b. Osmosis
c. Facilitated diffusion
d. Active transport
Answer: d. Active transport
Rationale: Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their
concentration gradient. Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are passive processes that
do not require energy.
10. What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?
a. +30 mV
b. -70 mV
c. 0 mV
d. +90 mV
Answer: b. -70 mV
Rationale: The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is approximately -70 mV,
maintained by the unequal distribution of ions (primarily Na⁺ and K⁺) across the cell membrane
and the activity of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump.
11. Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?
a. G₁ phase
b. S phase
c. G₂ phase
