NUR 288 Final 2026 Expert
Verifed Ace the Test
Acute renal failure (ARF) - ANSWER ✔✔the kidneys suddenly lose
their ability to filter waste from the blood.
It is usually caused by trauma, sepsis, poor perfusion, or medications.
Can cause hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and
hyperphosphatemia.
Excretion of excess electrolytes by urinary elimination helps maintain
health
chronic kidney disease (ckd) - ANSWER ✔✔A type of renal failure
that progresses slowly with few symptoms until the kidneys are severely
damaged and unable to meet the excretory needs of the body.
,Nephritis and glomerulonephritis - ANSWER ✔✔Nephritis is an
inflammation of the kidney.
Glomerulonephritis is specifically inflammation of the glomerular capillary
membrane.
Prostatic hyperplasia - ANSWER ✔✔Enlargement of the prostate.
Enlarged prostate gland can cause difficulty with urination and a feeling
of urinary urgency, frequency, and incomplete bladder emptying. Only
seen in men, most often older men.
Hemodialysis - ANSWER ✔✔a small amount of blood is taken out of
the body and put into a filter in the dialyzer, cleaned and put back into
the body. This is normally done over and over through a period of 3-4
hours, 3 times a week. Requires one tube/needle to take the blood out of
the body and one tube/needle for blood to be put back into the body
Peritoneal dialysis - ANSWER ✔✔the peritoneal cavity can be used
as a filter and includes a catheter, in which warm, sterile dialysate is
instilled. The waste products diffuse in the dialysate while it remains in
the abdomen. The fluid is then drained out of the peritoneal cavity into
the sterile bag. This is used with a manual bag, four times a day or
exchanges automatically when a patient is sleeping.
,Urinary elimination assessments - ANSWER ✔✔Inspect abdomen for
abdominal or bladder distention
inspect genitalia for redness, lesions, discharge, inspect perianal area,
inspect stool and urine for color, characteristics (especially the elements
that are within the stool or urine), odor,
auscultate the abdomen in all four quadrants,
auscultate lungs, palpate abdomen (should be soft and nontender),
percuss over the costovertebral angle (should not be painful) if
percussion causes pain the kidneys may be infected,
monitor for edema,
monitor vital signs, especially blood pressure, I&O, neurological
assessment, signs of anemia like pale, tired, shortness of breath, and
confused;
monitor daily weight, monitor EKG
Labs/Diagnostics for elimination - ANSWER ✔✔Creatinine level:
muscle breakdown; solely filtered from blood via the glomerulus, is NOT
reabsorbed or secreted in the nephron (normal is about 0.6-1.2 mg/dL)
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Creatinine clearance: amount of blood kidneys make per minute that is
free of creatinine (normal is about 85-125 mL/min in females and about
95-140 mL/min in males)
Glomerular filtration rate: rate of blood flow through kidneys in which
waste, ions, and water is filtered (normal is >90 mL/min)
BUN: breakdown of protein in the liver, secreted in the blood and filtered
by the kidneys (normal is 6-20 mg/dL)
Electrolytes (Potassium, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium)
Urinalysis: bacteria in the urine indicates infection while blood in the
urine may indicate infection or trauma.
Renal function tests: Blood levels of urea and creatinine are tested
Culture: if there is bacteria, a culture will determine what type of bacteria
is present
Occult blood
Biopsy: Used in obtaining tissue for diagnosing or monitoring kidney
disease
Elimination meds - ANSWER ✔✔Diuretics: remove excess fluid
Antihypertensives: decrease high blood pressure that is associated with
glomerulonephritis
Verifed Ace the Test
Acute renal failure (ARF) - ANSWER ✔✔the kidneys suddenly lose
their ability to filter waste from the blood.
It is usually caused by trauma, sepsis, poor perfusion, or medications.
Can cause hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and
hyperphosphatemia.
Excretion of excess electrolytes by urinary elimination helps maintain
health
chronic kidney disease (ckd) - ANSWER ✔✔A type of renal failure
that progresses slowly with few symptoms until the kidneys are severely
damaged and unable to meet the excretory needs of the body.
,Nephritis and glomerulonephritis - ANSWER ✔✔Nephritis is an
inflammation of the kidney.
Glomerulonephritis is specifically inflammation of the glomerular capillary
membrane.
Prostatic hyperplasia - ANSWER ✔✔Enlargement of the prostate.
Enlarged prostate gland can cause difficulty with urination and a feeling
of urinary urgency, frequency, and incomplete bladder emptying. Only
seen in men, most often older men.
Hemodialysis - ANSWER ✔✔a small amount of blood is taken out of
the body and put into a filter in the dialyzer, cleaned and put back into
the body. This is normally done over and over through a period of 3-4
hours, 3 times a week. Requires one tube/needle to take the blood out of
the body and one tube/needle for blood to be put back into the body
Peritoneal dialysis - ANSWER ✔✔the peritoneal cavity can be used
as a filter and includes a catheter, in which warm, sterile dialysate is
instilled. The waste products diffuse in the dialysate while it remains in
the abdomen. The fluid is then drained out of the peritoneal cavity into
the sterile bag. This is used with a manual bag, four times a day or
exchanges automatically when a patient is sleeping.
,Urinary elimination assessments - ANSWER ✔✔Inspect abdomen for
abdominal or bladder distention
inspect genitalia for redness, lesions, discharge, inspect perianal area,
inspect stool and urine for color, characteristics (especially the elements
that are within the stool or urine), odor,
auscultate the abdomen in all four quadrants,
auscultate lungs, palpate abdomen (should be soft and nontender),
percuss over the costovertebral angle (should not be painful) if
percussion causes pain the kidneys may be infected,
monitor for edema,
monitor vital signs, especially blood pressure, I&O, neurological
assessment, signs of anemia like pale, tired, shortness of breath, and
confused;
monitor daily weight, monitor EKG
Labs/Diagnostics for elimination - ANSWER ✔✔Creatinine level:
muscle breakdown; solely filtered from blood via the glomerulus, is NOT
reabsorbed or secreted in the nephron (normal is about 0.6-1.2 mg/dL)
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Creatinine clearance: amount of blood kidneys make per minute that is
free of creatinine (normal is about 85-125 mL/min in females and about
95-140 mL/min in males)
Glomerular filtration rate: rate of blood flow through kidneys in which
waste, ions, and water is filtered (normal is >90 mL/min)
BUN: breakdown of protein in the liver, secreted in the blood and filtered
by the kidneys (normal is 6-20 mg/dL)
Electrolytes (Potassium, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium)
Urinalysis: bacteria in the urine indicates infection while blood in the
urine may indicate infection or trauma.
Renal function tests: Blood levels of urea and creatinine are tested
Culture: if there is bacteria, a culture will determine what type of bacteria
is present
Occult blood
Biopsy: Used in obtaining tissue for diagnosing or monitoring kidney
disease
Elimination meds - ANSWER ✔✔Diuretics: remove excess fluid
Antihypertensives: decrease high blood pressure that is associated with
glomerulonephritis
