, TESTBANK FOR Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice
Fifth Edition Butts
Important Notes
The file includes the complete test bank, organized chapter by chapter.
A sample of selected pages has been provided for preview.
All available appendices and Excel files (if included in the original resources) are
provided.
Quizzes, Midterm and final exams are included (if available in the original resources).
We continuously update our files to ensure you receive the latest and most accurate
editions.
New editions are added regularly – stay connected for updates!
⚠️Note on Answer Keys: If the answer key is not included within the chapter
questions, you will find the complete answers and solutions at the end of each
chapter.
✅ Why Buy From Us?
📚 Complete & organized chapter-by-chapter – no missing content, no guessing.
⚡ Instant digital delivery – get your file the moment you pay, no waiting.
📅 Always up to date – we track new editions so you always get the latest version.
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correct version, free of charge.
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,Import Settings:
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Highest Answer Letter: D
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NAS ISBN13: XXXXXXXXXXXXX, add to Ahead, Title tags
Chapter: Chapter 01 - Quiz
Multiple Choice
1. What insight did Sarah DeGregorio share about the value of nursing?
A) Nurses primarily support administrative procedures.
B) Nursing is a technical skill detach from relationships.
C) Nursing draws its power from the nurse-patient bond.
D) Nurses mainly work behind the scenes with little impact.
Ans: C
Ahead: Epistemology of Nursing
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
2. How did Pamela Reed define nursing in her ontological framework?
A) A relational process that facilitates well-being
B) A method to support physicians in reversing disease
C) A clinical tool used to monitor patient recovery
D) A system of tasks organized by care protocols
Ans: A
Ahead: Ontology
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
3. Which two elements are central to the discipline of nursing?
A) Technology use and diagnostic procedures
B) Ethical codes and hospital administration
C) Medical interventions and pharmaceutical care
D) Human health experience and healing practices
Ans: D
Ahead: Definitions
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
,4. What common thread do varying definitions help maintain?
A) Neutral stance toward disciplinary values
B) Focus on general healthcare administration
C) Cohesive understanding of what nursing is
D) Separation between science and art in care
Ans: C
Ahead: Affirming What Is Known—Definitions
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
5. What do both Roper’s and Henderson’s definitions reflect as a core component of nursing knowledge?
A) Understanding the human health experience
B) Prevention of emotional attachment to patients
C) Emphasis on rapid diagnosis and discharge
D) Encouraging passive patient observation
Ans: A
Ahead: Early Definitions
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
6. Which of the following is included in the ANA’s current definition of nursing?
A) Performing surgical procedures and writing prescriptions
B) Alleviating suffering through treatment of human response
C) Monitoring only physical symptoms of disease
D) Prioritizing administrative documentation tasks
Ans: B
Ahead: ANA and ICN Definitions
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
7. How did Barbara Jacobs define the essence of nursing?
A) Reducing patient error through clinical guidelines
B) Enforcing ethical rules in nursing practice
C) Ensuring efficient workflow in health teams
D) Human flourishing nurtured in relationship
Ans: D
Ahead: Definitions Foundational to, and Derived From Nursing Theory
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
8. According to Barrett, how should nurses respond to current challenges in the discipline?
A) Tiptoe carefully through interdisciplinary work.
B) Accept traditional medical hierarchies silently.
C) Recognize and confront difficult realities boldly.
D) Withdraw from research and focus on bedside care.
,Ans: C
Ahead: Challenge of Escape From the Handmaiden Role
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
9. According to Thorne and Sawatzky, what must nursing avoid losing?
A) Its dependence on external statistical models
B) Its unique contribution to the particular
C) Its ability to collaborate with physicians
D) Its access to healthcare policy forums
Ans: B
Ahead: The Things We Worship
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
10. What solution is proposed to counter the threats from these “thorny bushes”?
A) Focus on generalizable data across all disciplines.
B) Eliminate qualitative inquiry from nursing science.
C) Limit participation in interdisciplinary partnerships.
D) Strengthen and value nursing’s disciplinary ontology.
Ans: D
Ahead: The Things We Worship
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
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Base Settings: Brownstone Default
Information Field: Complexity
Information Field: Ahead
Information Field: Subject
Information Field: Title
Information Field: Feedback
Information Field: Taxonomy
Information Field: Objective
Highest Answer Letter: D
Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No
NAS ISBN13: XXXXXXXXXXXXX, add to Ahead, Title tags
Chapter: Chapter 02 - Quiz
Multiple Choice
1. Why are natural sciences also referred to as “pure” sciences?
A) They are considered stand-alone bodies of unique knowledge.
B) They are the only sciences to which the scientific method can be applied.
C) They are the original sciences upon which all others are based.
D) They are not affected by subjectivity in the way other sciences are.
Ans: A
Ahead: Science
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
2. Which is not an example of an applied science as used in health care today?
A) Social work
B) Psychotherapy
C) Examination of care disparities
D) Pathology
Ans: D
Ahead: Science
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
3. Roberta firmly believes that human beings and their experiences are the sources for knowledge in the
world. This view is most closely reflective of which school of scientific thought?
A) Natural sciences
B) Human science
C) Applied sciences
D) Soft sciences
Ans: B
Ahead: Science
Subject: Chapter 2
,Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
4. Which is the ultimate goal of the scientific method?
A) Application of scientific results to a related body of knowledge to meet some type of human need
B) Examination of the decisions made by a scientist to understand how subjectivity was introduced to the
experiment
C) Reproducible experimental results that do not take researcher individuality into account
D) Improving the situation or process used in the experiment to yield more accurate results in repeat
experiments
Ans: C
Ahead: Scientific Method for the Physical Sciences (Traditional)
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
5. Which best describes the aim of natural sciences?
A) Affirmation of the importance of cultural understanding by uncovering the common subjective biases of
different disciplines
B) Improvement of the quality of life by understanding what helps people maximize their functional
abilities
C) Utilization of knowledge by applying it to a specific purpose in order to better a situation or change
viewpoints
D) Development of knowledge for the sake of developing knowledge, discovering truth, and controlling
outcomes
Ans: D
Ahead: Aim of Science
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
6. Gretchen and Peter are graduate students working in the same physics lab. Their supervisor has
asked both of them to perform the same experiment using the same procedure and equipment. After they
have both completed their task, they compare their results and discover that they are identical. Which
criteria for science does Gretchen and Peter’s discovery exemplify?
A) Intersubjective testability
B) Reliability
C) Definiteness and precision
D) Coherence
Ans: A
Ahead: Criteria for Science
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
7. Which idea does not express a general characteristic of philosophy?
A) Thinking for the sake of thinking
B) Utilization of process and outcome
C) Demarcation of wholeness and holism
D) Application of epistemology and ontology
Ans: C
Ahead: Philosophy
,Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
8. Repetitive patterns of behavior dictated by past experiences provide examples of which source of
knowledge?
A) Doctrine
B) Common sense
C) Tradition
D) Authority
Ans: C
Ahead: How Do We Know?
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
9. Francisco strongly believes that all relationships are governed by cause and effect and sees little need
for subjectivity in any area of his life, believing that the world is an external structure. Which philosophical
school best describes Francisco’s outlook on the world?
A) Phenomenology
B) Logical positivism
C) Hermeneutics
D) Post-structuralism
Ans: B
Ahead: Analytical Philosophy of Science
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
10. Which statement would an adherent of the perceived view most likely make?
A) “Observation is completely unbiased.”
B) “Descriptive law is the gold standard of science.”
C) “Individual phenomena make up the whole that is the universe.”
D) “Theories are neither right nor wrong.”
Ans: D
Ahead: Continental Philosophy of Science
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
,Import Settings:
Base Settings: Brownstone Default
Information Field: Complexity
Information Field: Ahead
Information Field: Subject
Information Field: Title
Information Field: Feedback
Information Field: Taxonomy
Information Field: Objective
Highest Answer Letter: D
Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No
NAS ISBN13: XXXXXXXXXXXXX, add to Ahead, Title tags
Chapter: Chapter 03 - Quiz
Multiple Choice
1. Historically, nursing preparation was referred to as “training,” and many nurses educated through the
1970s still use this term to refer to their education. Why is this terminology particularly problematic in light
of the advances made in nursing science in the last 30 years?
A) On-the-job apprenticeships are no longer as prevalent as they were up through the late 1970s and
early 1980s.
B) It emphasizes nurses’ abilities to perform tasks rather than reason through and understand the
purposes of their actions.
C) Most modern nurses pursue master’s-level education beyond their practice-based bachelor’s
education.
D) The last 30 years have seen nursing education move away from physician-taught courses in hospitals
to professor-taught courses in universities.
Ans: B
Ahead: The Education of Nurses
Subject: Chapter 3
Title: The Evolution of Nursing Science
2. Which argument best supports the idea of nursing as a professional discipline rather than an academic
discipline?
A) “Nursing is an applied science. Its practice component emphasizes the delivery of service by nurses
rather than the development of academic knowledge.”
B) “Nursing is a discipline with unique substance. It borrows very little from other disciplines and, as a
result, is beyond the realm of most academic programs in the sciences that acknowledge idea sharing
across disciplines.”
C) “Nursing is a concept with a lengthy unofficial history. Since the Crusades, individuals have been
providing nursing care to others, and this professional provision of services predates formal education in
the field.”
D) “Nursing is a relative newcomer to advanced education. For many years, nurses were educated or
trained only at a bachelor’s level, and advanced practice, therefore, has its roots in the profession itself
rather than in academia.”
Ans: A
Ahead: The Idea of a Professional Discipline
1
, Subject: Chapter 3
Title: The Evolution of Nursing Science
3. Which statement best describes the role that logical positivism plays in modern philosophical thought
about nursing science and science in general?
A) It remains at the forefront of understanding science and dictates how scientific research is performed.
B) It works in concert with humanistic philosophies of science, with the opposing ideologies functioning as
a system of philosophical checks and balances.
C) It no longer holds sway over the sciences, but its influence is so deeply ingrained in the field that it
continues to impact modern ideas about science.
D) It has been completely discredited by postmodern philosophers and is regarded as a flawed relic of
past scientific thinking.
Ans: C
Ahead: The Emergence of Nursing Science
Subject: Chapter 3
Title: The Evolution of Nursing Science
4. During the 1960s and 1970s, the theory movement in nursing sought to “prove” that nursing was a
science by applying strict, logical positivist philosophy to the discipline. Why was this application
problematic from a philosophical standpoint?
A) It placed too great an emphasis on the art of nursing and left itself open to criticism by the postmodern
school of philosophy.
B) It ignored the holistic, humanistic, and relational aspects of providing quality care and focused on the
hard science involved.
C) It took too long to develop, and by the time it came to fruition, the logical positivist perspective had
fallen out of favor with most scientific disciplines.
D) It was later disproved by feminist philosophers who unequivocally demonstrated that the logical
positivist view was heavily biased against women and minorities.
Ans: B
Ahead: The Theory Movement in Nursing
Subject: Chapter 3
Title: The Evolution of Nursing Science
5. Which statement most accurately encapsulates Thomas Kuhn’s proposed philosophy of science?
A) Science philosophy should address both the conceptual and empirical problems of science and serve
as merely a problem-solving activity.
B) Science philosophy should focus on concept clarification and concept analysis based on theory
development and synthesis.
C) Science philosophy should resolve conceptual problems in science without being limited to the
development of theories.
D) Science philosophy should examine the process of science rather than the product of science,
according to a disciplinary matrix known as a paradigm.
Ans: D
Ahead: The Search for a Nursing Paradigm
Subject: Chapter 3
Title: The Evolution of Nursing Science
6. Which philosophy is not part of the larger philosophical tradition known as postmodernism?
2
Fifth Edition Butts
Important Notes
The file includes the complete test bank, organized chapter by chapter.
A sample of selected pages has been provided for preview.
All available appendices and Excel files (if included in the original resources) are
provided.
Quizzes, Midterm and final exams are included (if available in the original resources).
We continuously update our files to ensure you receive the latest and most accurate
editions.
New editions are added regularly – stay connected for updates!
⚠️Note on Answer Keys: If the answer key is not included within the chapter
questions, you will find the complete answers and solutions at the end of each
chapter.
✅ Why Buy From Us?
📚 Complete & organized chapter-by-chapter – no missing content, no guessing.
⚡ Instant digital delivery – get your file the moment you pay, no waiting.
📅 Always up to date – we track new editions so you always get the latest version.
💬 Friendly support – real humans ready to help, anytime you need us.
🔒 Safe & secure – thousands of satisfied students trust us every semester.
🛡️Our Guarantees
💰 Money-Back Guarantee: Not satisfied? We offer a full refund – no questions asked.
🔄 Wrong File? No Problem: Contact us and we will replace it immediately with the
correct version, free of charge.
⏰ 24/7 Support: We are always here – reach out anytime and expect a fast response.
,Import Settings:
Base Settings: Brownstone Default
Information Field: Complexity
Information Field: Ahead
Information Field: Subject
Information Field: Title
Information Field: Feedback
Information Field: Taxonomy
Information Field: Objective
Highest Answer Letter: D
Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No
NAS ISBN13: XXXXXXXXXXXXX, add to Ahead, Title tags
Chapter: Chapter 01 - Quiz
Multiple Choice
1. What insight did Sarah DeGregorio share about the value of nursing?
A) Nurses primarily support administrative procedures.
B) Nursing is a technical skill detach from relationships.
C) Nursing draws its power from the nurse-patient bond.
D) Nurses mainly work behind the scenes with little impact.
Ans: C
Ahead: Epistemology of Nursing
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
2. How did Pamela Reed define nursing in her ontological framework?
A) A relational process that facilitates well-being
B) A method to support physicians in reversing disease
C) A clinical tool used to monitor patient recovery
D) A system of tasks organized by care protocols
Ans: A
Ahead: Ontology
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
3. Which two elements are central to the discipline of nursing?
A) Technology use and diagnostic procedures
B) Ethical codes and hospital administration
C) Medical interventions and pharmaceutical care
D) Human health experience and healing practices
Ans: D
Ahead: Definitions
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
,4. What common thread do varying definitions help maintain?
A) Neutral stance toward disciplinary values
B) Focus on general healthcare administration
C) Cohesive understanding of what nursing is
D) Separation between science and art in care
Ans: C
Ahead: Affirming What Is Known—Definitions
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
5. What do both Roper’s and Henderson’s definitions reflect as a core component of nursing knowledge?
A) Understanding the human health experience
B) Prevention of emotional attachment to patients
C) Emphasis on rapid diagnosis and discharge
D) Encouraging passive patient observation
Ans: A
Ahead: Early Definitions
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
6. Which of the following is included in the ANA’s current definition of nursing?
A) Performing surgical procedures and writing prescriptions
B) Alleviating suffering through treatment of human response
C) Monitoring only physical symptoms of disease
D) Prioritizing administrative documentation tasks
Ans: B
Ahead: ANA and ICN Definitions
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
7. How did Barbara Jacobs define the essence of nursing?
A) Reducing patient error through clinical guidelines
B) Enforcing ethical rules in nursing practice
C) Ensuring efficient workflow in health teams
D) Human flourishing nurtured in relationship
Ans: D
Ahead: Definitions Foundational to, and Derived From Nursing Theory
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
8. According to Barrett, how should nurses respond to current challenges in the discipline?
A) Tiptoe carefully through interdisciplinary work.
B) Accept traditional medical hierarchies silently.
C) Recognize and confront difficult realities boldly.
D) Withdraw from research and focus on bedside care.
,Ans: C
Ahead: Challenge of Escape From the Handmaiden Role
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
9. According to Thorne and Sawatzky, what must nursing avoid losing?
A) Its dependence on external statistical models
B) Its unique contribution to the particular
C) Its ability to collaborate with physicians
D) Its access to healthcare policy forums
Ans: B
Ahead: The Things We Worship
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
10. What solution is proposed to counter the threats from these “thorny bushes”?
A) Focus on generalizable data across all disciplines.
B) Eliminate qualitative inquiry from nursing science.
C) Limit participation in interdisciplinary partnerships.
D) Strengthen and value nursing’s disciplinary ontology.
Ans: D
Ahead: The Things We Worship
Subject: Chapter 1
Title: The Discipline of Nursing: Moving Forward Boldly
,Import Settings:
Base Settings: Brownstone Default
Information Field: Complexity
Information Field: Ahead
Information Field: Subject
Information Field: Title
Information Field: Feedback
Information Field: Taxonomy
Information Field: Objective
Highest Answer Letter: D
Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No
NAS ISBN13: XXXXXXXXXXXXX, add to Ahead, Title tags
Chapter: Chapter 02 - Quiz
Multiple Choice
1. Why are natural sciences also referred to as “pure” sciences?
A) They are considered stand-alone bodies of unique knowledge.
B) They are the only sciences to which the scientific method can be applied.
C) They are the original sciences upon which all others are based.
D) They are not affected by subjectivity in the way other sciences are.
Ans: A
Ahead: Science
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
2. Which is not an example of an applied science as used in health care today?
A) Social work
B) Psychotherapy
C) Examination of care disparities
D) Pathology
Ans: D
Ahead: Science
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
3. Roberta firmly believes that human beings and their experiences are the sources for knowledge in the
world. This view is most closely reflective of which school of scientific thought?
A) Natural sciences
B) Human science
C) Applied sciences
D) Soft sciences
Ans: B
Ahead: Science
Subject: Chapter 2
,Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
4. Which is the ultimate goal of the scientific method?
A) Application of scientific results to a related body of knowledge to meet some type of human need
B) Examination of the decisions made by a scientist to understand how subjectivity was introduced to the
experiment
C) Reproducible experimental results that do not take researcher individuality into account
D) Improving the situation or process used in the experiment to yield more accurate results in repeat
experiments
Ans: C
Ahead: Scientific Method for the Physical Sciences (Traditional)
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
5. Which best describes the aim of natural sciences?
A) Affirmation of the importance of cultural understanding by uncovering the common subjective biases of
different disciplines
B) Improvement of the quality of life by understanding what helps people maximize their functional
abilities
C) Utilization of knowledge by applying it to a specific purpose in order to better a situation or change
viewpoints
D) Development of knowledge for the sake of developing knowledge, discovering truth, and controlling
outcomes
Ans: D
Ahead: Aim of Science
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
6. Gretchen and Peter are graduate students working in the same physics lab. Their supervisor has
asked both of them to perform the same experiment using the same procedure and equipment. After they
have both completed their task, they compare their results and discover that they are identical. Which
criteria for science does Gretchen and Peter’s discovery exemplify?
A) Intersubjective testability
B) Reliability
C) Definiteness and precision
D) Coherence
Ans: A
Ahead: Criteria for Science
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
7. Which idea does not express a general characteristic of philosophy?
A) Thinking for the sake of thinking
B) Utilization of process and outcome
C) Demarcation of wholeness and holism
D) Application of epistemology and ontology
Ans: C
Ahead: Philosophy
,Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
8. Repetitive patterns of behavior dictated by past experiences provide examples of which source of
knowledge?
A) Doctrine
B) Common sense
C) Tradition
D) Authority
Ans: C
Ahead: How Do We Know?
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
9. Francisco strongly believes that all relationships are governed by cause and effect and sees little need
for subjectivity in any area of his life, believing that the world is an external structure. Which philosophical
school best describes Francisco’s outlook on the world?
A) Phenomenology
B) Logical positivism
C) Hermeneutics
D) Post-structuralism
Ans: B
Ahead: Analytical Philosophy of Science
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
10. Which statement would an adherent of the perceived view most likely make?
A) “Observation is completely unbiased.”
B) “Descriptive law is the gold standard of science.”
C) “Individual phenomena make up the whole that is the universe.”
D) “Theories are neither right nor wrong.”
Ans: D
Ahead: Continental Philosophy of Science
Subject: Chapter 2
Title: Philosophy of Science: An Introduction to a Lens for Your Practice
,Import Settings:
Base Settings: Brownstone Default
Information Field: Complexity
Information Field: Ahead
Information Field: Subject
Information Field: Title
Information Field: Feedback
Information Field: Taxonomy
Information Field: Objective
Highest Answer Letter: D
Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No
NAS ISBN13: XXXXXXXXXXXXX, add to Ahead, Title tags
Chapter: Chapter 03 - Quiz
Multiple Choice
1. Historically, nursing preparation was referred to as “training,” and many nurses educated through the
1970s still use this term to refer to their education. Why is this terminology particularly problematic in light
of the advances made in nursing science in the last 30 years?
A) On-the-job apprenticeships are no longer as prevalent as they were up through the late 1970s and
early 1980s.
B) It emphasizes nurses’ abilities to perform tasks rather than reason through and understand the
purposes of their actions.
C) Most modern nurses pursue master’s-level education beyond their practice-based bachelor’s
education.
D) The last 30 years have seen nursing education move away from physician-taught courses in hospitals
to professor-taught courses in universities.
Ans: B
Ahead: The Education of Nurses
Subject: Chapter 3
Title: The Evolution of Nursing Science
2. Which argument best supports the idea of nursing as a professional discipline rather than an academic
discipline?
A) “Nursing is an applied science. Its practice component emphasizes the delivery of service by nurses
rather than the development of academic knowledge.”
B) “Nursing is a discipline with unique substance. It borrows very little from other disciplines and, as a
result, is beyond the realm of most academic programs in the sciences that acknowledge idea sharing
across disciplines.”
C) “Nursing is a concept with a lengthy unofficial history. Since the Crusades, individuals have been
providing nursing care to others, and this professional provision of services predates formal education in
the field.”
D) “Nursing is a relative newcomer to advanced education. For many years, nurses were educated or
trained only at a bachelor’s level, and advanced practice, therefore, has its roots in the profession itself
rather than in academia.”
Ans: A
Ahead: The Idea of a Professional Discipline
1
, Subject: Chapter 3
Title: The Evolution of Nursing Science
3. Which statement best describes the role that logical positivism plays in modern philosophical thought
about nursing science and science in general?
A) It remains at the forefront of understanding science and dictates how scientific research is performed.
B) It works in concert with humanistic philosophies of science, with the opposing ideologies functioning as
a system of philosophical checks and balances.
C) It no longer holds sway over the sciences, but its influence is so deeply ingrained in the field that it
continues to impact modern ideas about science.
D) It has been completely discredited by postmodern philosophers and is regarded as a flawed relic of
past scientific thinking.
Ans: C
Ahead: The Emergence of Nursing Science
Subject: Chapter 3
Title: The Evolution of Nursing Science
4. During the 1960s and 1970s, the theory movement in nursing sought to “prove” that nursing was a
science by applying strict, logical positivist philosophy to the discipline. Why was this application
problematic from a philosophical standpoint?
A) It placed too great an emphasis on the art of nursing and left itself open to criticism by the postmodern
school of philosophy.
B) It ignored the holistic, humanistic, and relational aspects of providing quality care and focused on the
hard science involved.
C) It took too long to develop, and by the time it came to fruition, the logical positivist perspective had
fallen out of favor with most scientific disciplines.
D) It was later disproved by feminist philosophers who unequivocally demonstrated that the logical
positivist view was heavily biased against women and minorities.
Ans: B
Ahead: The Theory Movement in Nursing
Subject: Chapter 3
Title: The Evolution of Nursing Science
5. Which statement most accurately encapsulates Thomas Kuhn’s proposed philosophy of science?
A) Science philosophy should address both the conceptual and empirical problems of science and serve
as merely a problem-solving activity.
B) Science philosophy should focus on concept clarification and concept analysis based on theory
development and synthesis.
C) Science philosophy should resolve conceptual problems in science without being limited to the
development of theories.
D) Science philosophy should examine the process of science rather than the product of science,
according to a disciplinary matrix known as a paradigm.
Ans: D
Ahead: The Search for a Nursing Paradigm
Subject: Chapter 3
Title: The Evolution of Nursing Science
6. Which philosophy is not part of the larger philosophical tradition known as postmodernism?
2
