CPHON RECENT EXAMS UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔immunotherapy - ✔✔This therapy assists the immune system in detecting and
fighting cancer cells. Cytokines help rev up the immune system: interleukins,
interferons, and growth factor
✔✔Immunoglobulins - ✔✔Secreted antibodies.
IgG: maintains the body's defense against infection
IgM: first antibody to appear with antigen exposure
IgA: immune function of mucous membranes and helps prevent infection in nose and
lungs
IgE: Secretion of histamine during hypersensitivity reaction
IgD: function unknown
✔✔Tumor response: complete - ✔✔Absense of all signs and symptoms of tumor
✔✔Tumor response: partial - ✔✔Reduction in the tumor burden without development of
new tumor
✔✔tumor response: stable disease - ✔✔No significant change in primary or metastatic
tumor size
✔✔Tumor response: progressive disease - ✔✔Increase in size of the existing tumor or
appearance of new disease
✔✔Tumor response: relapse - ✔✔Tumor growth after complete response or new tumor
growth after a partial response
✔✔MRD (minimal residual disease) - ✔✔Measurement for leukemia; for ALL, MRD
levels greater than or equal to 0.01% at the end of induction is associated with high risk
for relapse and considered MRD positive. They will be given more intense induction
therapy than those who are MRD negative
, ✔✔Subjective response to treatment - ✔✔Child's or parents perception of how the
disease and treatment affect the child's daily life. Measured on lansky or karnofsky
scale
✔✔Phase 1 clinical Trial - ✔✔Primary goal is to determine safety. Determining the
maximum tolerated dose of an investigational drug or combination of drugs using a
recommended administration schedule and identifying dose limiting toxicities. Intent is
not to cure. Participants have advanced disease and other therapies have failed.
Adequate organ function is essential because toxicities will be measured by organ
function.
✔✔Phase 2 clinical trials - ✔✔Primary goal to determine efficacy of a new agent.
Studies are disease specific and are based on biochemical or pharmological data,
preclinical screening in tumor lines, or suggestion of the agents anti tumor activity in
phase 1. To determine drug activity against a specific disease and to validate dosage
and toxicity data. Not curative but to collect data about the drug, side effects, and how
they might be used to treat cancer.
✔✔Stage 3 clinical trial - ✔✔To compare the new agent to the standard treatment.
Tested as single agents or combined with other agents. Example: blind vs standard
treatment.
thousands of patients are randomized. To see if the new treatment is superior to the
standard. Intent is to cure.
✔✔Phase IV clinical trials - ✔✔After the agent is made available on the commercial
market and focus on effectiveness in the general population. Ongoing evaluation of side
effects and drug safety.
✔✔Informed consent - ✔✔Before enrolling in a clinical trial, each participant or their
representative must give permission to th investigators to administer the study drug,
collect biospecimens, and collect data related the drug and its side effects. The
participants must give consent voluntarily and must understand the details of the study.
The discussion includes: purpose, procedures, risk/benefits, patient rights, and
treatment options. Can be given by anyone over 18 or assent when the child is over the
age of 7 years. Components: time to read the document, opportunities to ask questions,
and access in any language.
✔✔Biospecimens - ✔✔Samples of blood or tissue obtained from a patient that can be
used to obtain research data about the pri their undergoing a clinical trial. Can be frozen
and stored for future research, but families have the right to know if they will be stored
for this.
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔immunotherapy - ✔✔This therapy assists the immune system in detecting and
fighting cancer cells. Cytokines help rev up the immune system: interleukins,
interferons, and growth factor
✔✔Immunoglobulins - ✔✔Secreted antibodies.
IgG: maintains the body's defense against infection
IgM: first antibody to appear with antigen exposure
IgA: immune function of mucous membranes and helps prevent infection in nose and
lungs
IgE: Secretion of histamine during hypersensitivity reaction
IgD: function unknown
✔✔Tumor response: complete - ✔✔Absense of all signs and symptoms of tumor
✔✔Tumor response: partial - ✔✔Reduction in the tumor burden without development of
new tumor
✔✔tumor response: stable disease - ✔✔No significant change in primary or metastatic
tumor size
✔✔Tumor response: progressive disease - ✔✔Increase in size of the existing tumor or
appearance of new disease
✔✔Tumor response: relapse - ✔✔Tumor growth after complete response or new tumor
growth after a partial response
✔✔MRD (minimal residual disease) - ✔✔Measurement for leukemia; for ALL, MRD
levels greater than or equal to 0.01% at the end of induction is associated with high risk
for relapse and considered MRD positive. They will be given more intense induction
therapy than those who are MRD negative
, ✔✔Subjective response to treatment - ✔✔Child's or parents perception of how the
disease and treatment affect the child's daily life. Measured on lansky or karnofsky
scale
✔✔Phase 1 clinical Trial - ✔✔Primary goal is to determine safety. Determining the
maximum tolerated dose of an investigational drug or combination of drugs using a
recommended administration schedule and identifying dose limiting toxicities. Intent is
not to cure. Participants have advanced disease and other therapies have failed.
Adequate organ function is essential because toxicities will be measured by organ
function.
✔✔Phase 2 clinical trials - ✔✔Primary goal to determine efficacy of a new agent.
Studies are disease specific and are based on biochemical or pharmological data,
preclinical screening in tumor lines, or suggestion of the agents anti tumor activity in
phase 1. To determine drug activity against a specific disease and to validate dosage
and toxicity data. Not curative but to collect data about the drug, side effects, and how
they might be used to treat cancer.
✔✔Stage 3 clinical trial - ✔✔To compare the new agent to the standard treatment.
Tested as single agents or combined with other agents. Example: blind vs standard
treatment.
thousands of patients are randomized. To see if the new treatment is superior to the
standard. Intent is to cure.
✔✔Phase IV clinical trials - ✔✔After the agent is made available on the commercial
market and focus on effectiveness in the general population. Ongoing evaluation of side
effects and drug safety.
✔✔Informed consent - ✔✔Before enrolling in a clinical trial, each participant or their
representative must give permission to th investigators to administer the study drug,
collect biospecimens, and collect data related the drug and its side effects. The
participants must give consent voluntarily and must understand the details of the study.
The discussion includes: purpose, procedures, risk/benefits, patient rights, and
treatment options. Can be given by anyone over 18 or assent when the child is over the
age of 7 years. Components: time to read the document, opportunities to ask questions,
and access in any language.
✔✔Biospecimens - ✔✔Samples of blood or tissue obtained from a patient that can be
used to obtain research data about the pri their undergoing a clinical trial. Can be frozen
and stored for future research, but families have the right to know if they will be stored
for this.
