CPHON ACTUAL COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔3 layers of the immune response - ✔✔1) physical barrier (mucous membranes and
skin)
2) innate or nonspecific immune system
3) adaptive or acquired immune system
✔✔Physical barrier immune system - ✔✔Skin and mucous membranes. Interruption of
the integrity of these barriers provides a portal of entry for infectious agents.
✔✔Innate or passive immunity - ✔✔Rapid, nonspecific response to invading pathogens.
Neutrophils are the first at the site of infection, providing nonspecific phagocytosis and
bacterial ingestion. Possess when we are born.
✔✔Adaptive immune system - ✔✔Specific and a delayed/slower lymphocyte response
to specific antigens. T cells and B cells. Page 15
✔✔MYCN amplification - ✔✔key risk stratifier for treatment/therapy in neuroblastoma;
technique by which MYCN protein drives cells into the cell cycle; leading to extra MYCN
protein; detected by FISH
✔✔I-MIBG - ✔✔Absorbed by tissues containing adrenergic nerves and us sued in then
diagnosis, staging, and follow up of neuroblastoma. It is taken up by an active tumor,
minimizing the false-positive results that may show in a bone scan. After the tracer is
administered, patients are seen 24, 48, and 72 hours for imaging. To protect the thyroid
from radiation exposure, all receive potassium iodine drops 1 day prior and 5-10 days
after.
✔✔Bone marrow aspirate or biopsy - ✔✔Obtained when Hugh suspicion of leukemia or
lymphoma exists or when a solid tumor may have spread to the bone marrow
, ✔✔lumbar puncture (LP) - ✔✔inserting a needle into the lumbar region of the spine in
order to collect spinal fluid, commonly called a "spinal tap" for suspected leukemia,
NHL, and certain brain tumors to evaluate for malignant cells in the CSF. L3-L4 or L4-L5
✔✔PET-MRI - ✔✔PET scanners have been combined with CT or MRI to produce a
fused image that superimposes the metabolic activity information of the PET over the
physical detail of the CT or MRI.
✔✔SUVs (PET scan) - ✔✔The amount of metabolic activity is reported in Standard
uptake values; if higher than 3.4 are consistent with malignancy
✔✔Pharmacodynamics - ✔✔what the drug does to the body; the binding of the drug to
the receptor, effects beyond the receptor site, and chemical interactions
- morphine bonds to receptors on neurons to block the pain signals, or nalaxone bonds
to the same receptors to prevent morphine from binding
- other drugs do not bind to receptors such as antacids or mesna binding to acrolein
✔✔Pharmacokinetics - ✔✔what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution,
metabolism in the liver, excretion by the kidneys)
✔✔Therapeutic range for drugs - ✔✔Range of the serum concentration of the drug that
can achieve the desired effect without the occurrence of dose limiting toxicities
✔✔Pharmacogenetics - ✔✔The study of the persons genetic make up affects the
persons response to drug therapy
✔✔Multimodal approach of therapy - ✔✔Gold standard; options include surgery,
chemotherapy, biotherapy, radiation therapy, and hematopoietic stem cells transplant.
Using a combination of 2 or more
✔✔surgery - ✔✔Used in various aspects of cancer management including diagnosis
and staging (biopsy), treatment (reduce tumor burden) and supportive care.
✔✔Surgical complete resection - ✔✔Removal of all visible and microscopic evidence of
the tumor so that no tumor or even minimal residual tumor is left behind
✔✔Surgical Gross total resection - ✔✔Removal of all visible tumor, but microscopic
disease may still be present
✔✔surgical debulking - ✔✔Partial resection, involves resection of a portion of the tumor
because the entire mass cannot be completely or safely removed. Helps to decrease
pressure on spine or other vital organs.
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔3 layers of the immune response - ✔✔1) physical barrier (mucous membranes and
skin)
2) innate or nonspecific immune system
3) adaptive or acquired immune system
✔✔Physical barrier immune system - ✔✔Skin and mucous membranes. Interruption of
the integrity of these barriers provides a portal of entry for infectious agents.
✔✔Innate or passive immunity - ✔✔Rapid, nonspecific response to invading pathogens.
Neutrophils are the first at the site of infection, providing nonspecific phagocytosis and
bacterial ingestion. Possess when we are born.
✔✔Adaptive immune system - ✔✔Specific and a delayed/slower lymphocyte response
to specific antigens. T cells and B cells. Page 15
✔✔MYCN amplification - ✔✔key risk stratifier for treatment/therapy in neuroblastoma;
technique by which MYCN protein drives cells into the cell cycle; leading to extra MYCN
protein; detected by FISH
✔✔I-MIBG - ✔✔Absorbed by tissues containing adrenergic nerves and us sued in then
diagnosis, staging, and follow up of neuroblastoma. It is taken up by an active tumor,
minimizing the false-positive results that may show in a bone scan. After the tracer is
administered, patients are seen 24, 48, and 72 hours for imaging. To protect the thyroid
from radiation exposure, all receive potassium iodine drops 1 day prior and 5-10 days
after.
✔✔Bone marrow aspirate or biopsy - ✔✔Obtained when Hugh suspicion of leukemia or
lymphoma exists or when a solid tumor may have spread to the bone marrow
, ✔✔lumbar puncture (LP) - ✔✔inserting a needle into the lumbar region of the spine in
order to collect spinal fluid, commonly called a "spinal tap" for suspected leukemia,
NHL, and certain brain tumors to evaluate for malignant cells in the CSF. L3-L4 or L4-L5
✔✔PET-MRI - ✔✔PET scanners have been combined with CT or MRI to produce a
fused image that superimposes the metabolic activity information of the PET over the
physical detail of the CT or MRI.
✔✔SUVs (PET scan) - ✔✔The amount of metabolic activity is reported in Standard
uptake values; if higher than 3.4 are consistent with malignancy
✔✔Pharmacodynamics - ✔✔what the drug does to the body; the binding of the drug to
the receptor, effects beyond the receptor site, and chemical interactions
- morphine bonds to receptors on neurons to block the pain signals, or nalaxone bonds
to the same receptors to prevent morphine from binding
- other drugs do not bind to receptors such as antacids or mesna binding to acrolein
✔✔Pharmacokinetics - ✔✔what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution,
metabolism in the liver, excretion by the kidneys)
✔✔Therapeutic range for drugs - ✔✔Range of the serum concentration of the drug that
can achieve the desired effect without the occurrence of dose limiting toxicities
✔✔Pharmacogenetics - ✔✔The study of the persons genetic make up affects the
persons response to drug therapy
✔✔Multimodal approach of therapy - ✔✔Gold standard; options include surgery,
chemotherapy, biotherapy, radiation therapy, and hematopoietic stem cells transplant.
Using a combination of 2 or more
✔✔surgery - ✔✔Used in various aspects of cancer management including diagnosis
and staging (biopsy), treatment (reduce tumor burden) and supportive care.
✔✔Surgical complete resection - ✔✔Removal of all visible and microscopic evidence of
the tumor so that no tumor or even minimal residual tumor is left behind
✔✔Surgical Gross total resection - ✔✔Removal of all visible tumor, but microscopic
disease may still be present
✔✔surgical debulking - ✔✔Partial resection, involves resection of a portion of the tumor
because the entire mass cannot be completely or safely removed. Helps to decrease
pressure on spine or other vital organs.
