CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM LATEST EXAM TESTED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔What does the QRS complex of an ECG represent? - ✔✔ventricular depolarization
✔✔Which happens first - depolarization of the ventricles or contraction/systole of the
ventricles? - ✔✔depolarization always occurs before (and causes) contraction of a
muscle
✔✔what does the term systole mean? - ✔✔contraction of the ventricles
✔✔what does the term diastole mean? - ✔✔relaxation of the ventricles
✔✔vein structure with regard to - pressure, smooth muscle, valves, and direction. -
✔✔Less smooth muscle, blood is at much lower pressure in veins, valves required to
prevent backflow. Veins take blood back to the heart.
✔✔artery structure with regard to - pressure, smooth muscle, valves, and direction -
✔✔Very high pressure, lots of smooth muscle, no valves, heading away from heart.
✔✔How do arterioles differ from arteries? - ✔✔arteries are meant to deliver blood to
organs; arterioles regulate the blood flow through the organ (based on need) by either
constricting to limit blood flow (e.g. the kidney while you are exercising), or dilating to
increase blood flow (e.g. the skeletal muscles while exercising). For these reasons,
arteriole constriction has the greatest impact on systemic blood pressure.
✔✔What neurotransmitter increases heart rate? - ✔✔norepinephrine
✔✔What neurotransmitter slows heart rate? - ✔✔acetylcholine
✔✔What are the components of blood? - ✔✔plasma and formed elements
✔✔what are formed elements of blood? - ✔✔erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
✔✔plasma - ✔✔water, clotting factors, nutrients, hormones, antibodies, cellular wastes
(e.g. lactic acid), electrolytes
✔✔What cells line blood vessels and the inside of the heart? - ✔✔endothelial cells (also
called simple squamous epithelial cells)
✔✔Describe erythroctye structure and function - ✔✔RBCs have no nucleus. They are
jam-packed with hemoglobin, and iron-containing protein that can bind oxygen. They
carry oxygen to tissues, then release it to diffuse into the cells.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔What does the QRS complex of an ECG represent? - ✔✔ventricular depolarization
✔✔Which happens first - depolarization of the ventricles or contraction/systole of the
ventricles? - ✔✔depolarization always occurs before (and causes) contraction of a
muscle
✔✔what does the term systole mean? - ✔✔contraction of the ventricles
✔✔what does the term diastole mean? - ✔✔relaxation of the ventricles
✔✔vein structure with regard to - pressure, smooth muscle, valves, and direction. -
✔✔Less smooth muscle, blood is at much lower pressure in veins, valves required to
prevent backflow. Veins take blood back to the heart.
✔✔artery structure with regard to - pressure, smooth muscle, valves, and direction -
✔✔Very high pressure, lots of smooth muscle, no valves, heading away from heart.
✔✔How do arterioles differ from arteries? - ✔✔arteries are meant to deliver blood to
organs; arterioles regulate the blood flow through the organ (based on need) by either
constricting to limit blood flow (e.g. the kidney while you are exercising), or dilating to
increase blood flow (e.g. the skeletal muscles while exercising). For these reasons,
arteriole constriction has the greatest impact on systemic blood pressure.
✔✔What neurotransmitter increases heart rate? - ✔✔norepinephrine
✔✔What neurotransmitter slows heart rate? - ✔✔acetylcholine
✔✔What are the components of blood? - ✔✔plasma and formed elements
✔✔what are formed elements of blood? - ✔✔erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
✔✔plasma - ✔✔water, clotting factors, nutrients, hormones, antibodies, cellular wastes
(e.g. lactic acid), electrolytes
✔✔What cells line blood vessels and the inside of the heart? - ✔✔endothelial cells (also
called simple squamous epithelial cells)
✔✔Describe erythroctye structure and function - ✔✔RBCs have no nucleus. They are
jam-packed with hemoglobin, and iron-containing protein that can bind oxygen. They
carry oxygen to tissues, then release it to diffuse into the cells.
