C224 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026 FULL
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Inductive Reasoning. Answer: Starts specific. Accepting conclusions.
Going from small to big. Ex. The water at the beach has been about 75
degrees anytime I visit in July. Today is July 15th, so I expect the water
will be about 75 degrees when I go to the beach tomorrow.
⩥ Epistemology. Answer: the overall pursuit of knowledge, not a
specific knowledge contention. The study of knowledge itself.
⩥ Rule of Parsimony. Answer: Simple and concise, succint
⩥ Criterion of Falsifiability. Answer: if it can't be rejected, then its going
in the right direction
⩥ The Principle of Evidence. Answer: researchers conduct research to
acquire evidence that may support a theory and/or hypothesis.
Researchers do not attempt to prove what is true.
⩥ Ontology. Answer: Inherent understanding. Nature of reality/truth
,⩥ Experimental Research. Answer: Quantitative. Random assignment -
not random selection.
⩥ Quantitation Research Methods. Answer: Experimental and Non-
Experimental
⩥ Non-Experimental Research Methods. Answer: Correlation and
Casual Comparative
⩥ Correlation research method. Answer: Quantitative. A process to
collect data to determine if a relationship exists between two or more
quantitative variables, and to what degree.
⩥ Correlation Coefficient. Answer: Strength and direction of a
relationship between two variables. range of +1 to -1
⩥ Positive Correlation. Answer: r=+1 (points follow along a line)
⩥ Negative Correlation. Answer: r=-1 (no correlation is a 0 and looks
like a gun shot all over)
⩥ Variables. Answer: a condition or characteristic that can take on
different values or categories (such as age, GPA, gender, etc.)
, ⩥ Quantitative Variable. Answer: a variable that varies in degree or
amount of a phenomenon (ex. Temperature, weight, GPA, reading
performance, etc.)
⩥ Categorical Variables. Answer: a variable that is made up of different
types of categories of a phenomenon (gender, ethnicity, type of school,
teaching method, religion, social class)
⩥ Descriptive Statistics. Answer: Goal is to describe, summarize, or
make sense of a particular set of data.
⩥ Inferential Statistics. Answer: where researchers use the laws of
probability to make inferences about populations based on sample data.
In the branch of inferential statistics known as estimation, researchers
want to estimate the characteristics of populations based on their sample
data. To make valid statistical estimations about populations, they use
random samples (i.e., "probability" samples). In the branch of inferential
statistics known as hypothesis testing, researchers test specific
hypotheses about populations based on their sample data.
Help researchers to know whether they can generalize to a population of
individuals based on information obtained from a limited number of
research participants.
⩥ Strengths of Quantitative Research. Answer: Testing and validating
already constructed theories
Can generalize research findings when based on random samples
CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026 FULL
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Inductive Reasoning. Answer: Starts specific. Accepting conclusions.
Going from small to big. Ex. The water at the beach has been about 75
degrees anytime I visit in July. Today is July 15th, so I expect the water
will be about 75 degrees when I go to the beach tomorrow.
⩥ Epistemology. Answer: the overall pursuit of knowledge, not a
specific knowledge contention. The study of knowledge itself.
⩥ Rule of Parsimony. Answer: Simple and concise, succint
⩥ Criterion of Falsifiability. Answer: if it can't be rejected, then its going
in the right direction
⩥ The Principle of Evidence. Answer: researchers conduct research to
acquire evidence that may support a theory and/or hypothesis.
Researchers do not attempt to prove what is true.
⩥ Ontology. Answer: Inherent understanding. Nature of reality/truth
,⩥ Experimental Research. Answer: Quantitative. Random assignment -
not random selection.
⩥ Quantitation Research Methods. Answer: Experimental and Non-
Experimental
⩥ Non-Experimental Research Methods. Answer: Correlation and
Casual Comparative
⩥ Correlation research method. Answer: Quantitative. A process to
collect data to determine if a relationship exists between two or more
quantitative variables, and to what degree.
⩥ Correlation Coefficient. Answer: Strength and direction of a
relationship between two variables. range of +1 to -1
⩥ Positive Correlation. Answer: r=+1 (points follow along a line)
⩥ Negative Correlation. Answer: r=-1 (no correlation is a 0 and looks
like a gun shot all over)
⩥ Variables. Answer: a condition or characteristic that can take on
different values or categories (such as age, GPA, gender, etc.)
, ⩥ Quantitative Variable. Answer: a variable that varies in degree or
amount of a phenomenon (ex. Temperature, weight, GPA, reading
performance, etc.)
⩥ Categorical Variables. Answer: a variable that is made up of different
types of categories of a phenomenon (gender, ethnicity, type of school,
teaching method, religion, social class)
⩥ Descriptive Statistics. Answer: Goal is to describe, summarize, or
make sense of a particular set of data.
⩥ Inferential Statistics. Answer: where researchers use the laws of
probability to make inferences about populations based on sample data.
In the branch of inferential statistics known as estimation, researchers
want to estimate the characteristics of populations based on their sample
data. To make valid statistical estimations about populations, they use
random samples (i.e., "probability" samples). In the branch of inferential
statistics known as hypothesis testing, researchers test specific
hypotheses about populations based on their sample data.
Help researchers to know whether they can generalize to a population of
individuals based on information obtained from a limited number of
research participants.
⩥ Strengths of Quantitative Research. Answer: Testing and validating
already constructed theories
Can generalize research findings when based on random samples
